Research Paper on Forests

Forest Service 2012 Planning Rule

The 2012 rule which was set to control the environmental factors were subject to the NEPA review that had been set in 2012. It considered the rules of NEPA and the human activities which affect the environmental conditions. In view of the set environmental regulations, the 2012 rule was set (74 FR 67062). This took about four years to publish the rule from the 2008 rule. There has been an in-depth review of the rule since 1976 Congress amendments of the RPA.

Through the Forest Service notices of intent, environmental impact statement was prepared for to cater for the new planning rule. The review was done on the new planning. This mandated the Department to republish the 2000 rule. The review mandates NEPA to compel federal agencies consider the effects and the potential environmental changes before doing any plans for the agency.

The impacts on the environment affect the life of human beings, and thus before taking any major actions in development, the environment ought to be considered. The actions may include issuance of permits to federal bodies, or making decisions that have impacts on the federal lands.

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The review that was done also requires that if the federal body oversees the possibility of significant impacts on the environment, then the agency ought to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which details every aspect of effects to the environment. The EIS was done, and the conclusion was environmental protection of The Forest conservation rule is also captured in the review that controls use of land by federal agencies. The review was an appropriate move by NEPA to control environmental factors that contribute to pollution. In this case, they are protecting the forests and land that may be destroyed by activities undertaken by the federal agencies.

Limiting the overuse of public land and natural forests protects the environment people who live in areas that are operated by federal agencies.

How the new Forest Service 2012 Planning Rule Differs from the previously planning rules

The planning rule in the 1982 rule focused on procedures that were in line with writing of plans. The plans were to mitigate the negative environmental effects. The protective actions undertaken in the 1982 rule focused majorly on land management (74 FR 67062). The 2012 rule focuses on different issues. The 2012 rule leads to planning process, which leads to proper contribution towards ecological, economic and social stability. The 1982 rule did not major in providing sustainability, but the 2012 rule aims at protecting of resources and maintenance of the proper distribution of goods and The 2012 Planning Rule differs from the other previous planning rules in aspects considered at the moment. The 2012 rule encompasses an extra content concerning the regulations that control forests and land conservation. The procedural posture for example, in the 2012 rule is against the defendant officials in the system and also against the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). This consideration is not included in the previous planning rules. The agricultural body, USDA had admitted that the 2005 rule it had represented had gone through a paradigm shift. The bodies, USDA, in the 2012 are thus required to consider interested parties in making comments about the situations.

The 2012 rule takes into consideration facts that have been laid the US regulation concerning forests. The rule takes into account US Forest Service lands that have been relinquished for clear cutting purposes. The land under a National Forest service in Texas is cleared for purposes not indicated. This is seen as destruction to the environment and forests. Therefore, the rule indicates this issue as key to environmental destruction, and thus the need to control the actions. The rule takes into account the injunctions that are made by other bodies in response to concerns about the environment. However, there are measures to protect the environment.

The rule also outlines the plaintiffs needed to identify the concerned final agency actions. These ought to show consummation of the agency’s legal procedures and the decision-making processes involved. It should not only focus on the demands to get a general judicial review process. The rule thus concerns detailed issues in the forest.

Interaction of the rule with Land & Resource Management Plans mandated by NFMA

NFMA has regulations and mandates that ought to be adhered to concerning the Land & Resource Management Plans. These concern use of land and the conservation of the national forests for environmental conservation procedures. The rule is in line with conserving the environment through observation of law and adherence to models put in place to conserve forests and national lands. The law takes into account the Federal Land issues and Resource Management Act procedures that are upheld by NFMA. The references of the rule are done on the basis of stipulated rules and regulations laid down in NFMA. Therefore, the rule borrows much from the set environmental concerns in NFMA. There are specific area concerns and proposals in the rule which derive their basis from the NFMA federal agency land use regulations.

The rule bases on the United States Forest Service Land and Resource

Management Plan that is laid down to protect the natural reserves. In the arguments to justify the National Forest moves and decisions towards land and forest use, there is no controversy observed which justiciable. This indicates that the rule is in line with the arguments presented in the NFMA regulations about land use and forests. The NEMA Plan is said to conform to the statutory and the regulatory, land use requirements by the federal agencies. The plan is in line with conservation of forest plan and the environment, which is in line with the 2012 rule that protects the natural resources.

Challenges that I expect the new rule to face

Loggers will have to challenge the rule due to the nature of the set regulations. The Plan is executed by legal bodies that have set logging goals. This has to happen with the consideration of prevailing conditions, and thus loggers are not at will to do business freely. The rule mandates selection of areas that are suited for timber production and thus any logging activity has to be under control.

Furthermore, there is the proposition of probable methods used in timber harvesting, which are safe to the forests and environment. Most of the loggers do not apply appropriate methods of logging because it is expensive. This reduces their profits. However, others have argued that the rule favors logging and clear-cutting activities. They will thus challenge the rule on the ground that it is infringing their rights to do business competitively.

Hunters who depend on the forests as a livelihood will face challenges. This is because the bodies involved with protection of forests are pressing on the adherence to the law. The rule also prohibits activities in the forests unless one is authorized to do any activity in the forests. Hunting endangers the natural environmental balance which is not acceptable according to the 2012 rule. This sets in a challenge for those who hunt in the natural forests to make a living.

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Essay on Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre is the classic novel written by Charlotte Bronte and is considered to be the most popular novel in Great Britain. The novel was published in 1847 and was praised by the general publish and famous critics at once. The book is about an orphan girl whose parents died. The writer describes the fate of the girl with the strong independent character, her childhood, adultness and problems she faces trying to find her place in life. The narration is held from the first person, what makes the impression that it is an autobiographical novel written by the real woman Jane Eyre. Charlotte Bronte touches upon very important problems in her novel. First of all there is the problem of search for family and home.

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Evidently, everybody wants to live in peace in a friendly loving atmosphere and Jane Eyre being an orphan tries to find a family which will not neglect and abuse her and she would work there eagerly for food. Then, there is the problem of social classes, when higher rich classes neglect the lower once and treat people like servants. The next problem is religion. The book reflects the atmosphere of Christianity and especially the negative side of the hypocritical Christians. Today it is easy to detect the problem of gender relations in the book and find there the notes of feminism. Jane Eyre being a strong willful woman fascinates women all over the world and is often recognized like the symbol of feminist woman of the XIXth century. Furthermore, there are problems of love, friendship and morality. All in all, the novel is a great achievement of the English and the world literature and is known everywhere.

Jane Eyre is one of the most favorite and tear-jerking novels for women, so it is learnt in every high school, college and university at literature classes. In order to write a good essay one should read the novel carefully to understand the plot, find the problems presented there and analyze the characters of the book and their role in the novel. A successful essay is supposed not to just present the plot, but themes, problems and stylistic devices of the novel. One should dwell on the structure, problems and composition of the novel than on the events presented there.

Writing an essay on a novel is a difficult job, because one should gather his thoughts and write about a great number of important moments essential for the successful analysis of a book. A free example essay on Jane Eyre feminist will show you the way a good paper can be organized. Due to a good free sample essay on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte in the Internet one will be able to complete an original well-composed and formatted paper easily and impress the teacher.

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Lens Development Essay

Foer’s article brings out the aspect of a known phenomena to explain the cultural ideologies of the people. He used soccer which is a sport that many people identify with and focusing on the behaviours and emotions associated with it, he tries to unravel globalization. This is a good comparison because sports have got much to do with globalization because it brings people together. He uses his own real experiences to relay the information well.
    

Foer claims that there is great disparity in the American youth who play soccer and  the rest of the world. He further claims that, soccer is played by the working class in most countries (Foer, 14). He further states that in America, it is the middle class and the lower class who plays the game. It is evident that soccer is a threat to America’s culture as there exists a large difference between the parts that engage in the sport and those that haven’t ( Foer 16). The enlightened who have embraced soccer have been a good target of ridicule because they are viewed as having discarded the traditions (16)  He further notes that there is constant abusing and jeering of opponents who sometimes don’t have an idea of the game. Soccer has played a greater role in fostering cultural wars. Foer’s claim  further shows that the population of the Americans who engage in soccer do not support local sports.
    

Foer claims that soccer is a major driver of cultural wars helps in understanding the difficulty in embracing change as established in Jacobs essay. Introduction of a new concept or idea can result in unforeseen consequences that is a threat to traditional heritage and peaceful coexistence of people. Jacob’s article focuses on the obstacles facing the introduction of English in Shanghai. This introduction was in aid of foreigners and tourists. This advent has brought with it incompetence in translations of the words, the most common are the road signs.
      

Jacobs pinpoints a comment by one author who claims that if all the signs were translated, then the chuckles on the street would be eradicated as well as a “window into the Chinese mind” (Jacobs, 10). From Foer’s claims, it is clearly indicated the new invention creates some ridicule, which could sprout into enmity if not looked into. It is also noted that there is cultural wash-down by embracing English,  which with the insight of Foer’s claim result into hostility between those who have embraced it and those who haven’t.
    

Foer’s essay incorporates personal experiences that help explain clearly the concept, which is not the case for Jacob’s article. Jacob illustrates opinions and thoughts of other people and does not relay his personal opinion on the subject. Foer’s is more concerned and sympathetic with the situation because the consequences of soccer fanatics have caused more harm than good for the nation. Jacob’s is a non partisan and illustrates the various reactions and feelings of  Shanghai residents on the introduction of English. Jacob pinpoints that English translations do not portray its intended meaning causing  conflicts in interpretation (Jacob, 1). Foer gives more insight into the matter at hand with examples while Jacob gives people’s expression of the subject.
 

From the two articles, one can ascertain that new ideas and inventions have both negative and positive implications. From Jacob’s article, it is clear that the use of English is more convenient for tourists thus encouraging more of them, who bring in revenue for the country.

Māori Education Essay

However, the accuracy of the statistical data presented by Education Review Office is arguable because the commission recognizes the impossibility of the sufficient data collection in relation to the student achievements of Māori. The reason for that is the lack of separation between the records of Māori and non-Māori students. Finally, ERO agrees that there are “not enough schools where Māori student achievement is comparable to that of non-Māori, or where schools can demonstrate that they are making a difference for these students.”
 

Besides, the report of ERO creates confusion by opposing own words: at first, an analysis provides a report with less than average improvements (32 and 45 percent in primary and secondary schools accordingly), and then it is pointed out that only 10 percent of all educational institutions showed no improvement. Out of this difference, there are only 20 percent of all schools that are not able to present any data. I suppose the reason for that is quite obvious: those schools which actively participate in the program would tend to record each achievement while those not much interested in the improvements would not keep track of the changes, at least because these changes could never take place within the school. Therefore, my suggestion is that the data presented by ERO so far are insufficient and yet non-demonstrable.
 

One should also point out that the strategy plan designed by ERO does not have any specific diversification or focus even though it is said to have. For a school, it is still a voluntary decision either to introduce changes in the educational process or not. The schools do not appear to be thoroughly classified, and this can be the case of the strategy fragmentation.
 

Taking into consideration the adjacent processes in the society, it is worth mentioning that from the Māori perspective, not only the system of education can be improved. According to Te Ahukaramū Charles Royal (2009), education is not the only challenge of Māori in New Zealand. Their cultural identity and place in the society are still the debating issues. The Māori leave the country for Australia because of either economic benefits and opportunities or negative experience in New Zealand (“Maori Party”, 2007). With the integration into the modern community, the Māori population continues experiencing difficulties with employment, dwelling, and overall level of life (Te Ahukaramū Charles Royal, 2009). This proves that without the full recognition and integration of the Māori nation, it would be hard to improve a single sphere of social life like education, for instance. Another suggestion here is that the efforts spent on restructuring the education in the country can just be vain – the educated Māori seeing no real perspectives in New Zealand would continue migrating to other countries, so the country would lose talented and skillful population which was brought up in its environment and society. This can lead to the excessive expenditures on education and social programs along with the process of population aging, which becomes a real demographic disaster for many developing countries.
 

A part of the Māori population also faces a language barrier in the school along with the cultural one. Let us now take a look at a similar case and observe what effective local solutions can be applied in achieving strong and purposeful performance.
 

Within the development of Māori modern social life in New Zealand, the efforts in improving the education for this minority group have also followed. For the last decade, beginning with the year 2000, many attempts were taken to ensure the introduction of Te Reo Māori, the language spoken by around 160,000 inhabitants of New Zealand (Statistics New Zealand, 2006), to the educational programs of English-medium schools, Ngā Haeata Mātauranga (2008) informs. According to the given source, the reason for that is to make the education for the native population more affordable. In the Annual Report on Māori Education (2008), one may find a description of action plan designed by Te Kopuru School in Northland. The principal of the school Lee Anderson expressed his vision for the three Māori principles standing for the righteous things (tika), truth (pono), and open loving relationships (aroha). Now the school encourages its students to learn in Te Reo Māori and suggests that “the changes at Te Kopuru School reflect the wants of her community” (Ngā Haeata Mātaurang, 2008).
 

The overall statistics shows that in the region where the school is situated, three fourth of the students (77%) can spell and read the Māori language, two thirds (61%) of them can write, and one fourth of these students possess the necessary or more advanced skills in some language disciplines. This was not possible a decade ago when the new principles were just being introduced.
 

Considering such progress, most of the community groups agree that positive results in integration and education are achieved, no negative impact on the non-Māori society members is detected, and, finally, the teaching practice significantly improved (Ngā Haeata Mātaurang, 2008).
 

In the article by Ngā Haeata Mātaurang (2008), one educational institution, Te Kopuru School, embodies the whole educational community and appears to be a vivid example of how one of the processes of integration for the national minorities is designed in the country. The school’s action plan shapes the optimistic prospect for the development of learning facilities for Māori making them better involved in the social life of the country and emphasizing on recognition of their cultural identity. I suppose that such changes in educational process witness about the community interest in allotting more freedom of choice and democratic consciousness to the Māori. Education has always been a concern for the long run and future perspectives, that’s why the country is about to experience significant social changes within a couple of decades for that the community will already feel the fruits of restructuring.  
 

If to take a quick look in the past, one would notice that the commission responsible for the supervision of education process in the country, Education Review Office, was not able to clearly define the education principles in the 1990s. At that time, they had no evaluations and researches done, no special integration for public schools achieved, and no satisfaction from Māori in terms of education obtained. Here is where all sources refer to the single course of events: the concern of Māori as to the treatment of their language and culture was not much discussed. So far, no special forecasts for the restructuring of private schools within the public education sector were made (Boston, Dalziel, and St John, 1999). Supposedly, this was the primary push towards the introduction of all these changes in the next decade when Te Kopuru School acted as an active supporter of the Māori rights and social freedoms. The new integration model of tutoring was enough progressive in those days but was not precisely evaluated by the government (Boston, Dalziel, and St John, 1999).
 

Therefore, I suggest that Education Review Office could be then just observed as an independent institution that mostly monitored the achievement in the given field but was not very effective in designing the solutions and programs of development, at least back in the 90s. Besides, within the issue of national identity, culture and language of the Māori population, it is not reasonable to refer to the aforementioned institution as to the one responsible for the overall progress in the popularization of Māori way of life and its integration in the regular society of New Zealand. As mentioned at the beginning, the whole social program that incorporates the efforts in making the Māori community sustainable and equal in rights could be a suitable solution.
 

Ministry of Education (2011) identifies the conditions and requirements for the children to be enrolled in the education process and adds that “depending on where you live and your circumstances, your child may attend another type of school such as a state integrated or independent school”. This creates a certain background for the justification of Te Kopuru School’s activities and achievements. The school has diversified its vision of the educational process pursuing the establishment of strong teaching practices and emphasizing on several disciplines for the five-year-old newcomers. According to the words of the school administration (Ngā Haeata Mātaurang, 2008), the system proves its effectiveness by attracting and sustaining both Māori and non- Māori students. As a result, the school gets promoted by the word of mouth established by the parents whose children study at Te Kopuru.
 

Here it is important to mention that the government guarantees funding for the schools based on their needs (Ministry of Education, 2011). There should be an existing reason proving that the projects are worth investing. By saying that “Te Kopuru School reflects [...] the education sector’s growing understanding” (Ngā Haeata Mātaurang, 2008), the author might probably mean that many educational institutions, state and private, got supported by the government in different ways. This surely recognizes that the government acknowledges the development of educational means for all children in the country. As a result, Te Kopuru and many other schools specialized in tutoring in the Māori language appear to be in demand nowadays.       
 

In order to conclude the two research cases, I would identify their relatedness to each other as well as to the realities of modern society in New Zealand. Along with the other references, they make up a clear understanding of the actual social problems and tendencies, which have already been taking place for decades.
 

From the one side, it is somewhat complicated to comment whether the improvement of the educational system is a project for the long run but, taking into consideration the last report of Education Review Office (Education Review Office, 2010), no substantial changes in the maintenance of educational benefits for the Māori community were noticed. Nevertheless, Māori now have more possibilities to socialize but, at the same time, there is an emphasis on their distinction from the other population and the intention to create more specialized schools namely for Māori students. The schools of mixed type are certainly the solution because private and specialized educational establishments are not always affordable to the common population and do not stimulate interaction between people.
 

From the other side, the recent state of education in the country shows the weakness of the government system in managing human and other resources. Being an official language (Statistics New Zealand, 2006), Māori is not so widespread even in schools, which doubts its true status. Therefore, the first thing to be done is to assure the relevance and the necessity of the Māori cultural impact in the system of education and legally introduce the nationwide or region-specific changes on the basis of the social feedback and statistical research.

Relief and Joy Essay

I was about 40 weeks pregnant and had decided to go to the hospital because I thought I was in labor. 

The nurse was just about to send us home because she thought it was a false alarm. “It is a single test that we are awaiting, and I am pretty sure you are going home tonight”, she said. It was so hard to hold the tears back, because I longed to hold my baby boy and I was so uncomfortable and was uncertain of how much longer I wished to remain pregnant. She comes back into the treatment chamber and says, “You are in labor and we will be admitting you”. I was excited, happy, relieved, but also scared because I was unsure what to expect.
 

I stayed at the hospital, in labor with my first son for nearly twelve hours. I was exhausted, and in the most excruciating pain, I have ever felt. I was so tired from hours of pushing and wanted to give up. 

Finally, my doctor told me that he was going to let me push a couple more times before he would have to give me an emergency C-section. The baby was under stress and needed to come out. With my mom and husband by my side, I pushed three more times and finally, he was born.
 

We named him Charlie. He looked exactly like my husband except, he had my eyes. I did not want to put him down. I starred, talked, and sang to him for hours. My first child, he was perfect in every way. I was so happy and relieved to have managed to deliver Charlie successfully.

Iraq Term Paper

Introduction
In the contemporary world Iraq remains one of the countries which fate is hardly predictable and it is not always possible to say what is the future of peoples inhabiting this country, suffered from the war, and continuous clandestine movement of opposition and followers of the former leader. Iraq has been remaining top news during last several months and even years. Despite an extremely hard situation in the country there is a slight hope for better that could be brought by recent elections in the post-war Iraq. But many specialists argue whether the results of the Iraqi vote are rather positive or negative. That is exactly what will be analyzed in this paper.
 

Pre-election history
First of all, it is necessary to say a few words about the pre-election period in Iraq. As it is known, the country has been ruled by Saddam Hussein who established a dictator regime and deprived any opposition and dissidents. Naturally, such an undemocratic regime could not remain for a long time because it contradicted to national interests of the US that is now the only super power in the world. Iraq is situated in a vitally important region for national interests of the US, consequently, the US needed a controllable and preferably democratic country and not a rogue or outcast that threatened to the stability in the whole region.

Taking into consideration the importance of the region at large, and the role of Iraq in particular, the US, supported by its alliances, used conventional military forces to dismantle the regime of dictatorship of Saddam Hussein. In the result of a brief war Iraq was relatively freed from the former authority and the problem of a new legal government and parliament aroused. Despite the provisional government was established it was obviously not enough since it did not have enough legislative power, or as it may be said it was not supported through the plebiscite and nation wide democratic elections. Logically, Iraqi parliament had to be elected and than it could form a new absolutely legal government. So, democratic elections were finally appointed. But at this point it is necessary to say that the conditions before and during the elections were far from ideal. The post-war country suffered from terror attack of supporters of the former regime of Saddam Hussein and Islamic radicals. All of them formed a strong clandestine opposition to the new provisional government, American troops, administration and its alliances and used all means to prevent the elections. However, they failed to sabotage the Iraqi vote but still these elections were probably the bloodiest elections Iraq had ever seen. Furthermore, the results of the elections are quite arguable.
 

Results of the Iraqi vote and their possible consequences
As it has already been mentioned, the results of the Iraqi vote are not very optimistic because it did not clarify significantly the future and perspectives of the country and the whole region.
Actually, there are two contradicting opinions about the results of the elections. On the one hand, it is estimated that the Iraqi vote is the victory of the American president administration. The opponents of this point of view stay on the ground that the results are rather in favor of Iran, another country which ahs quite tense relation with the US.

At the first glance, 4,23% that Prime Minster Allawi’s bloc seem to be an absolute failure of American policy in the country, particularly in comparison with the results of Shia, pro-Iran coalition. Actually, the former fact is the main reason why many believe that it was Iran that in this vote. At the same time it is necessary to take into consideration the fact that the great majority for Shia coalition was in the Southern part of the country and regions bordering on Iran, whereas relatively stable regions with strong presence of Americans and their alliances mainly voted for Allawi’s block.
Another noteworthy fact that could influence the elections and further development of Iraq is the nature of party and alliances. Basically they are parties representing certain ethnic groups. For instance, the two main parties in Iraq the mainly-Shia Iraqi United Alliance and the Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan are ethnic parties but they are “the most vanilla ethnic parties you can imagine” (Bergusen 2005, para.5). Moreover, these two parties used to fight in the civil war against each other. Naturally such a situation creates tension in Iraqi society.
 

That is why, one of the possible consequences of the Iraqi vote may be growing tension between different political forces, particularly if there is no real majority in Iraqi parliament that could form a stable government. So, speaking about consequences, it may be said that the existence of strong ethnic parties may result in opposition of peoples these parties represent. At the same time, “there is no party winner that could control the government and the parliament” (Jalal 2005, para. 2), consequently the further policy of Iraq would be based on compromises and consensuses, or at least on attempts to reach consensus that would be appropriate for different political forces.
So, the lack of winner may be a disadvantage but on the other hand, it permits different political forces play their own role in political life of the country. It creates conditions for normal development of all regions and all peoples of Iraq regardless their residence or nationality.
 

Furthermore, it has to be said that on the international level there is practically the same situation. It is quite obvious that in the elections there were two counterparts the US and Iran. In the result of elections both of them or it might be said none of them really won since they do not completely control the parliament and consequently the government of Iraq. In perspective, it means that the future of Iraq is not clear but the fact that the elections took successfully place symbolize that Iraq has perspectives and future.
 

Conclusion
Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to say that Iraq, being in a crucial situation, managed to organize the elections, though American assistance in this process was very significant. It means that Iraq after long years of Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship starts its movement toward democratization. However, the results of the Iraqi vote prove that it is a very difficult and challengeable way. Politically, there is no obvious winner both within and outside the country. But still there is a hope that there is one winner, and the winner is Iraqi people.

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Leonard Kleinrock Essay

Leonard Kleinrock – “Father of Modern Data Networking”

Leonard Kleinrock is one of the most important people when it comes to the informational revolution; without a doubt, he truly deserves to be called “father of modern data networking”. He was born in New York, on June 13, 1934. Being a kid, he displayed a great interest in mathematics, which was noticed and further promoted by his parents. 

“He received his BEE degree from CCNY in 1957 and MSEE and PhD degrees from MIT in 1959 and 1963, respectively, all in Electrical Engineering.” (Begley 56) Kleinrock is called «Father of Modern Data Networking» for his great contribution (we might even say invention) of packet switching technologies. For the complicated research he had to perform to receive his PhD at MIT, he was able to develop and defend a theory (mathematical) of data networking, as well as the basic principles of packet switching. It is of primary importance to the informational revolution because packet switching allowed the birth of Internet. 

As packet switching is something that made Leonard so famous, more information will be provided to explain it. It was through a marriage of minicomputers and communications that a new kind of digital communications service was developed in the sixties to meet the growing demands of these computer services bureaus and databank services companies as well as the business community of users in general. 

Packet – switching invented by Kleinrock used time-division multiplexing (TDM) techniques to enable individual users to share the same transmission channels on a time-sharing basis in a similar way as they share time-shared computers. (King 126)Because the facility was shared, it was less expensive to use, and because the service was based on digital technology, its quality, reliability, and security was superior to that of leased line analogue channels available from telephone companies. 

After Kleinrock’s invention, Packet - switching was pioneered by the Defence Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In 1969, DARPA financed the development of a network, appropriately called ARPANET, to test the feasibility and economics of the new technology. Kleinrock was a major part of this process with his research works. 

ARPANET grew to connect hundreds of universities and military establishments across the United States and eventually overseas in the seventies, and it subsequently came to constitute the backbone foundation for the Internet, the network of networks that connects millions of users around the world today. (Richardson 118)

Once packet - switching proved to be technologically feasible and economically attractive, it was commercialized by companies like Tymnet and Telenet which leased bulk transmission facilities from the carriers. Because it combined both computers and telecommunications in new and unique ways, packet - switching defied the traditional definitions of telecommunications services. 

On the one hand, companies that supplied these services constituted data processing service organizations. On the other hand, they could be regarded as legitimate telecommunications common carriers. Telephone companies regarded these suppliers as a competitive threat and lobbied the FCC to curtail their expansion. (King 133) 

The FCC, on the other hand, was in a quandary as to what they constituted under the Communications Act and whether or not the act required it to regulate them. As for Leonard Kleinrock, “his laboratory at UCLA became the first node of the Internet on September 2, 1969 and from that laboratory he supervised the first Internet message transmission on October 29, 1969.” (Begley 118) 

The academic work and numerous contributions of professor Kleinrock are tremendous. He was a faculty member at UCLA since the year 1963; he helped graduate 43 PhD, some of whom later on were also able to contribute to the development of the Internet technologies. He worked as Chairman of the Computer Science Department at UCLA in the years 1991-95. 

“In 1997, he received an Honorary Doctor of Science degree from CCNY.” (Begley 124) Leonard Kleinrock is an author of six books, which were highly praised by the scientific community. Also, he was able to publish more than 225 papers, which is quite a great load of work even for such highly acclaimed specialist as professor Kleinrock. “He co founded (and was the first President of) Linkabit Corporation, the Computer Channel, and Technology Transfer Institute.” (Begley 127) 

The numerous rewards and honors received by Leonard are quite astonishing. Currently he is an honorary member of the National Academy of Engineering; he is a fellow of the IEEE, ACM and IEC. One of the most significant accomplishments of Leonard Kleinrock was L.M. Ericsson Prize; he also became the recipient of “the Marconi Award, the C.C.N.Y. Townsend Harris Medal, the CCNY Electrical Engineering Award, the UCLA Outstanding Teacher Award, the Lanchester Prize, the ACM SIGCOMM Award, and a Guggenheim Fellowship”. (Begley 131)

Currently Leonard Kleinrock lives in LA together with his wife Stella.  He has four children and five grandchildren and lives quite an active life. His hobbies include Karate, running and swimming, so that Leonard can stay in shape. He is also a big fan of puzzles. In the sphere of business, recently he founded Nomadix, Inc, a California based company that specializes in developing nomadic computing technologies.