tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63552899031042302572024-03-13T14:24:33.649-07:00Effective PapersEnjoy free essays, examples of research papers, sample term papers, free dissertation samples and paper writing tips for all students. Example papers and sample papers on the most popular topics.effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comBlogger820125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-71624783878710435442019-02-01T02:49:00.002-08:002019-02-01T02:49:45.035-08:00Kori Newkirk Essay<b>Kori Newkirk</b>… there is something particular about him and his works… What is it? I can not tell it right now. I must have a think. I must feel it. I need to see his works one more time. Yes, it is what I need – to see them again. They are different from others because they radiate some inner energy and strength. They are powerful and expressive. His works are as magnetic as the author.<br />
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Kori Newkirk… What do I know about him? He is African American and he tries to combine ethnical motifs and with his views. He is interested in his origin and examines it, trying to give his ancestors their due. He creates works that are devoted to his family and makes these works modern and expressive. Photos of the members of his family in suspended tires. Seems rather strange? Perhaps… However, it is in these tires that the photos gain some particular meaning and significance. The studio museum of Harlem, which presents his exhibitions, has the common aim with Kori Newkirk to support the development of African American art and to carry down to people the spirit of African American people.<br />
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All Newkirk’s works bear an ethnical tinge. It might be because they are created by the person with strong spirit of his past or because his paintings and installations are made of beads, braids, wax or hair pomade. He does not need any sophisticated materials to create a picture that will fill you with energy. Newkirk’s inner energy bursts from his works.<br />
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I am looking at his work Jubilee and I see all the power of African American people, their vital energy and their eternal struggle for their freedom. Jubilee is not a painting, it is a curtain, a curtain that is woven from beads and braids, as simple as that. But its message is loud. You can hear it if you only feel the energy of these flame tips licking turquoise sky.<br />
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What is his secret? Perhaps it is this combination of modest media and his meaningful and important issues, conveyed due to these media. He presents his view of beauty, of the world around us, of people and their nature. The majority of his works is made of beads and braids, which are used as hair ornaments. This adds to the uniqueness of his works. No complicated subjects and medias, no conglomeration of images. Everything is clear and strict but it strikes.<br />
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Another his work of art and another masterpiece. The same materials, the same form, and the same feelings of absolute admiration and absorption into his creation. In The World and the Way Things Are there is just rain falling…falling…falling…cleansing the world… you watch and you understand that no other material and no other form could give this impression. The swinging of the curtain makes you feel and hear rain drops dripping and letting you see the way things are.<br />
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Kori Newkirk… there is something particular about him and his works…What is it? I tried to explain, but did I manage to do it? You must feel it. You must see his works and feel the energy of this person, his strength, his talent, his origin…<br />
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<em><b> Works Cited</b></em><br />
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<span style="color: #999999;">Altshuler Bruce. Collecting the New: Museums and Contemporary Art. Princeton University Press, 2007.</span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;">Simon, Leonard. “Kori Newkirk”. Gallery. 23 March, 2008. http://www.janm.org/exhibits/ffs/gallery/newkirk/newkirk.html</span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;">Current Exhibitions. The Studio Museum in Harlem. 23 March, 2008 http://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibitions_new.html</span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;">Kori Newkirk. The Fabric Workshop and Museum. 23 March, 2008 http://www.fabricworkshop.org/exhibitions/kori_newkirk.php</span></div>
effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-40101930995228363692019-02-01T02:46:00.001-08:002019-02-01T02:46:30.528-08:00English Essay about RhetoricAn excerpt "Rhetoric – what it is; why needed" from Jacques Barzun's "Simple and Direct: a Rhetoric for Writing" is a perfect piece of work, determined to inspire those, who intend to write professionally and turn this sometimes painstaking process into a skillful interplay of words and ideas.<br />
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Jacques Barzun is a venerable master of words himself, as one can judge from the excerpt that is not only vividly written and easily read, but gives a reader the determination to carve the words more carefully and to become a better writer no matter what. The author clearly has the talent to make the power of words serve him properly and the charisma to turn the dullest topic into an enjoyable reading.<br />
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Barzun’s idea of good writing includes careful word choice, correct underlining and punctuation, and, more importantly, sound criticism. Any writer should keep in mind the target reader, his general ability to percept ideas through word symbols. Making the words "do proper work", as the author puts it, is a result of hard work and abundant reading of good books. No matter what the subject is, the text could take the reader’s breath away by means of proper tone, rhythm, word selection, sentence structure, text composition and general suitability.<br />
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There is no great difference between fiction and scientific research paper as long as they reach the goal set by their authors. And it is the writer’s responsibility to make writing an effective instrument of making ideas settle in the minds of readers. Working with words, meanings and other ways of turning thoughts into literary pieces is both interesting and rewarding, because this skill is useful for many other life purposes.<br />
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Jeremy Bernstein's "Einsteins of Wall Street" tells the story men whose ideas and activities shaped the economic world of the second half of XX century. The author himself is a well-known physicist and scientist, and along his scientific career he had an opportunity to meet numerous prominent scientists and theorists in different fields (not only physics). In his article, Jeremy Bernstein shows how various fields of science that at fist sight do not seem to have anything in common, appear to be so closely connected that have similar theories or formulas. In this case, the fields closely interrelated are quantum physics and financial engineering. The latter uses the formulae and concepts that are based on the notions of “Brownian motion” and findings of Albert Einstein.<br />
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The brokerage business that gained enormous popularity in the second half of the previous century demanded theoretical basis for hedging and selling securities and derivatives. The Nobel Prize winners Myron Scholes and Fischer Black, created the famous Black-Scholes equation, that was later commonly used in stock options evaluation, and shared the award with Robert Merton, who provided different approach to the same problem. Further on, these prominent theorists were recruited by nonetheless outstanding business units that dealt with financial engineering and analysis. Further development of scientific findings in the field led to the creation of the analogue bond-option model (BDT model). Such great success in theoretical approach did not fully recur in practice. Merton and Scholes were recruited by John Meriwether, the founder of Long Term Capital Management, the hedge fund that played key part in grievous 1998 financial crisis. And although life taught the financial engineering wizards that the market is sometimes irrational and the best predictions become meaningless or wrong, they still have good reputation that can hardly be cast down, despite millions of losses incurred.effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-24318195783340324152018-04-06T09:29:00.001-07:002018-04-06T09:32:14.074-07:00Under the Eagle Book Review<b><u>Under the Eagle: A Tale of Military Adventure and Reckless Heroism with<br />
the Roman Legions by Simon Scarrow</u></b><br />
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<b>Summary</b><br />
Simon Scarrow’s “Under the Eagle” is a nicely written historical novel. It describes the events of Roman invasion to Britain. Service in the army was a decent activity for Quintus Licinius Cato. But his colleagues considered him “rara avis” and didn’t think he deserved being in such a glorious army. Later his bravery in bloody battles gained respectful attitude of his companions. But these were only first ordeals of the expedition. Together with his companions Cato ought to overcome numerous troubles. Legionaries tried to succeed in the most dangerous undertaking ever known. Even Julius Caesar failed to conquer barbarous tribes of mysterious and gloomy British Isles. The book tells about adventures of legionary Cato under the leadership of a significant personality – Titus Flavius Vespasian, future emperor. <br />
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At the beginning of the story we got acquainted with a new centurion Macro who became responsible for millions of important affairs. The author described everyday troubles of Macro before he got used with his new position. Presence of a stranger woman among the soldiers for example was strictly forbidden. Macro however patiently reacted to such small bustles but paid attention to more significant affairs. Cato is a new recruit, who appeared to be a son of Emperor's slave. His father was wholly devoted to former leaders up to his death (Scarrow, 2001, Chapter 1). He was just a slave but managed to gain freedom for his son in case the latter would go to military service. In this way molly-coddle sixteen years old Cato became not even a soldier but an option. He got a position of centurion’s helper, and at first suffered from sneers from the side of fellow-soldiers. Nevertheless he gradually gained experience in military service and strived to become a decent employee for such a high position. The author emphasized the contrast between inexperienced Cato and Macro, who got his position after 14 years of hard soldier’s life. He had to come through numerous battles and got acquainted with all kinds of weapons. He had to possess certain personal qualities apart from military skills. He learnt to endure all the hardships of the war and proved to be ready to become a centurion. Cato however had no military experience, except perfect knowledge of literary works of outstanding commanders. However lack of practical knowledge and poor physical strength didn’t break his inner fighting spirit. He proved to be a resourceful and brave young man who managed to overcome many troubles. At first it was hard for him to get used to hard military life, which often made him sick. Besides he felt lonely, having no one to help and support. In order to become a real soldier, one ought to work hard. Despite his young age Cato finally proved to be a decent legionary. Roman legionary is the most disciplined trained and battle-hardened soldiers in the whole world (Scarrow, 2001).<br />
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<b>Special mission of Macro and Cato</b><br />
Roman Legion was prescribed to invade Britain next summer. This mission was especially important for Roman Emperor. In spite of unsuccessful attempt of Julius Caesar, Emperor Claudius decided to try once more. Those Isles were considered to be full of gold, silver and tin in particular. Merchants however said it was nothing more than a poor barbarous out-of-way place with no civilized settlements. The most important aim of Roman Empire was to conquer new lands. Britain became its next target.<br />
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The most dangerous campaign was the secret mission of Marco and Cato in Britain. They were sent to find a cart with gold, which was dampened by Caesar in order to hide it from enemies. At the beginning of the book the author briefly described how Caesar buried the cart in a swamp. Years later Marco and Cato finally succeeded to find it in spite of their savage enemies and treachery of Vetallian. He appeared to be an Emperor Spy and traitor at the same time. He gave way to temptation and wanted to steal Caesar’s gold for himself in order to promote in his political career. Gold was supposed to help him to bribe certain authorities. However Marco and Cato successfully fulfilled their duties and spoilt his plans. The Second legion managed to defeat the enemy and win the battle as well. Further events revealed one more betrayer, the one who stole an important scroll of Claudius. At first the story seemed to be rather mysterious, as several people were supposed to commit the crime. A fat soldier Puncher made an attempt to steal the scroll by order of Vitellian. The scroll however was forged. Vespasian’s wife Flavia turned out to be the real robber who was cunning enough to think over the whole strategy. She got what she wanted with the help of her slave Lavinia. She unexpectedly turned out to be the plotter against Emperor’s power. <br />
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Before the invasion started, Vespasian had to settle an affair with local “savages”. Vittellius was charged with this task. It led to a long-lasting and dangerous battle with Germans. It also was the first serious campaign in which Cato was given a fateful chance to participate. In the forest battle Cato not only gained certain military experience but also proved he wasn’t a coward. He rescued his commander and as a reward gained respect of legate Vespasian. The author gives a detailed description of that unpredictable battle in a German village. Cato steadily withstood hardships and life dangers. Cato’s first battle showed him as a brave soldier. He didn’t leave wounded Macro alone with the enemies. Instead he managed to save his life owing courage and luck in the first place.<br />
Death is hundred times more preferable than captivity (Scarrow, 2001).<br />
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Cato didn’t let enemies either to kill his commander or take him into captivity. He bravely fought with Germans and was resourceful enough to get out of fire together with Macro. Although Roman army had a great number of casualties, still the battle ended successfully especially after reinforcement which finally came at dawn.<br />
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<b>Life and dangers of Roman soldiers</b><br />
The book described military life from the side of both soldiers and officers. Soldiers had to train hard and suffer from constant drill along with poor life conditions. In comparison with ordinary soldiers, officers had more rights and power. Although they still were under control of legate and had more responsibilities, they had more privileges as well. Macro complained about his routine responsibilities. He had to deal with various documents, which were actually signed by his helper Pisa. Nevertheless centurions had to care about numerous everyday amenities of his soldiers, not to loose respect among them. A newcomer Cato had negative impression about soldiers until he became a real soldier himself. He understood that they had to be highly disciplined. In other case, they would be severely thrashed.<br />
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Soldiers were taught to be brave enough to face life dangers and defeat the enemy. Cato possessed diligence and patience but these were not the most important qualities for a soldier. Nevertheless Cato proved that spiritual strength was often more efficient than physical one. Sometimes fighting spirit played a decisive role in the battle. Military life was undoubtedly dangerous. Soldiers often chose death and killed themselves in order to avoid captivity to enemies. They were probably aware of all the torments they would face in captivity. Soldiers always had to run risks. <br />
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Roman public considered military commanders to be fearless heroes, who led legions to fight with numerous enemies. Soldiers’ routine, however, took even more time and forces but nobody actually noticed it. Roman legion was a union of highly disciplined soldiers, who were ready to carry out rigorous orders of their commanders. Soldiers’ imagination ran high when they go to know about a new dangerous mission. They were afraid of uncertainty and vagueness of future invasion. They were given usual instructions but didn’t know what land it was and what people awaited them on those Isles. As a result rumors about legendary creatures began to spread among soldiers which brought certain bustle into the Army. In this way author tried to say how superstitious and uneducated soldiers were. They could have been sent to any part of the world and would obediently execute an order. But nobody bothered asking their opinion.<br />
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<b>Slave life</b><br />
Simon Scarrow described several types of slaves in Ancient Roman times. They had more or less responsibilities and freedoms in comparison with other slaves. Narcissus was an Emperor’s secretary, a freedman. In this way he had much in common with Cato. But in fact Narcissus behaved too arrogant. He was too self-confident for a former slave even though he was Emperor’s favorite. Even after Marco and Cato saved his life, he didn’t seem to be thankful. He showed no respect to centurion, let alone simple soldiers. As it was already mentioned Cato was a freedman, but he was a decent soldier as well and didn’t put himself higher than others. Emperor’s slaves certainly had more privileges. But they still were no authorities. That’s why when Narcissus started talking arrogantly in front of soldiers at gladiator fights, legionaries reminded him that he was no more than a former slave and didn’t have rights to talk in such a way. Unlike Narcissus, Cato led a decent life and was sufficient with what he had. <br />
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Another type of Roman slave is Lavinia. She also was a privileged slave. Lavinia once belonged to Plinius, who wanted someone more than a girl for pleasure. He wanted a clever, communicative, well-mannered and well-read friend. That’s why Plinius began to educate Lavinia. She got acquainted with history of Rome, learned reading, writing and arithmetic. Lavinia was an attractive girl. No wonder, Vetillius decided to “obtain” her. Vitellius was a Roman well-off fast liver, who thought that service in an outstanding legion would help him to promote. Poor inexperienced girl couldn’t resist the pressure of such forceful person. When Plinius got to know about their relations, he decided to sell her. Flavia soon became her new owner. <br />
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<b>Roman politics</b><br />
Emperor Claudius considered making one more attempt to conquer British Isles. Claudius failed to gain respect and love of public and couldn’t rely on anyone. Invasion into Britain was supposed to strengthen his authority and distract major part of Emperor’s armies from political life of the country. But Empire was in a more dangerous and unsteady position than ever before. Narcissus considered that Claudius had a reputation of violent, short-sighted and limited person. Major people had no regard to him. Suppression however wasn’t a way out. It would return the country to republic. There was no use in it. Narcissus once predicted the possible consequences of such change. <br />
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It would lead to fight between political parties in the Senate and violence in the streets. Republic means new civil wars, tearing apart the whole civilized world. Works of republican leaders describe this period as a Golden Age in the Roman history. It’s not so. We need Emperors; we need stability, we, Romans, need strong power. (Scarrow, chapter 28). <br />
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Marco however admitted he was just a soldier and returning to republic would hardly change anything in the military system. Armies would stay the same, except they will probably have to fight against each other if Civil war breaks out. Actually many leaders wished to get a higher position. But the most ambitious of them appeared to be Aulus Vitellius and Sabinus Vespasian who were opponents on the way to power. But this way is often treacherous. One may become too avid for power and money. Vitellius is a prominent example of how greediness may spoil a person. I consider Cato and Macro to be the most decent heroes in the entire book as they didn’t strive for gold and honors. They did their work and kept faith to moral qualities.<br />
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Scarrow’s book is intended for a wide range of readers, mostly those interested in the history of Britain and Roman Empire. Its main advantage is a nice description of Roman military system and life of ordinary soldiers. Besides the style of the book itself makes it understandable not only for historians but for ordinary people as well. “Under the Eagle” is not only a description of events, which took place in the Roman Empire and Britain in the 1st century A.D. It is a novel of war. Professional legionaries devotedly served in the Army for 25 years. The Empire expanded its territories and needed invincible armies. Soldiers led a primitive life with rude manners and customs but were strictly disciplined. Many infringements deserved death punishments. Commanders used to treat soldiers violently. Nevertheless the game was worth the candle. Winners were awarded with great triumph and calmness after all the hardships. Simon Scarrow writes in an ordinary modern language which helps to compare ancient army with modern one.<br />
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<b><i>References</i></b><br />
<i>Simon, Scarrow. 2001. Under the Eagle. Headline Book Publishing Ltd. 448.</i>effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-85615973680963509572017-12-05T09:21:00.005-08:002017-12-05T09:21:53.619-08:00Positivism in Human Geography Research Paper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Theory, Evolution, Criticism, and Application</b></div>
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Positivism is the philosophy developed by Auguste Comte who believed that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge which is obtained only from the positive affirmation of theories using the experimental methods. This belief was proposed in the early 19th century as the opposite philosophy to Enlightenment thinkers. Comte observed that scientific method is replacing metaphysics because there is the circular dependence of theory and observations in science. Comte has become one of the leading thinkers of the social evolutionism. Today positivism has evolved into the stage of anthropological evolutionism – science and rational explanations for scientific phenomena being inter-dependent.</div>
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<b>Comte’s belief</b></div>
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Positivism had gained its popularity in the 1950s when science was viewed as the numerical set of statements, and there was the need to demonstrate the logical structure of these statements. Positivism rejects classical metaphysics because it insists that at least some of the statements are testable and can be either confirmed or falsified; while the teleological statements are un-testable by nature. The key believes of positivism include the belief that science is cumulative and predominantly trans-cultural; belief that science is based on the specific results that are not associated with the personality of the investigator.</div>
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Besides, positivism is also the belief that the only true knowledge is scientific and everything is measurable in this world. Similar to reductionism, positivism supports the claim that pieces of one kind can be reduced to the pieces of another. For example, the societies can be reduced to mental events or the social processes can be reduced to physical events such as relationships between people. Positivism seeks to apply scientific approaches to explain the social phenomena. Comte argued that social research in the 18th century was rather emotive and romantic and lacked rational analysis.</div>
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<b>Theory supporters and forms of positivism</b></div>
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Unwin, one of the supporters of positivism, has noted that Comte tried to prioritize the certain, actual, exact, organic, and relative matters (p. 87). In other words, he believed that real and observable issues are more important than imaginary and undecided. Positives favor the objective collection of data through observation and formulation of theories that can be tested systematically to develop the laws explaining human behavior. Ethical and moral questions are rejected because they cannot be answered with scientific methods.</div>
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There are two forms of positivism: logical positivism and critical rationalism. The positivism supporters have developed both forms. Logical positivism was proposed by the Vienna Circle (the unity of social scientists) in the 1930s. They were the first to posit that scientific method can be applied to social issues. </div>
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<i>Johnston has outlined the major assumption of logical positivism (p. 27-28):</i></div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">All events occurring in the society have the definite cause that can be identified</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Decision making is the result of individual’s confirmation</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The world is objective and the behavior of every individual can be observed and recorded</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Scientists should be able to stand outside their subject matter while observing and record the results in a neutral way</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The theories should be used to alter the societies either by changing the laws or by the changing the circumstances</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Many scientists and philosophers supported positivism because it is based on the quantitative measurement of facts and allows the statistical testing of relationships between variables. This method of analyzing the results is based on the known facts that are collected from the large populations and is possible to test against large samples.</li>
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Critical rationalism, the second form of positivism, has shifted the focus to the verification process. </div>
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The essential critical supporter of rationalism was Karl Popper who noted that the validity of information depends not on the experimental observation but rather on whether it can be falsified (Chalmers, p. 33). He noted that scientific validation should be done through identification of the exceptions undermining the developed theory. If such exceptions are not found, then the theory is considered to be true. The critics of this assumption state that there is no theory that can be fully validated because some of the exceptions might be discovered in the future.</div>
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<b>The place of positivism in human geography</b></div>
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Positivism is often regarded as the hidden philosophical thought in the sense that many geographers who adhere to its central ideas rarely consider themselves as positivists (Hill, p. 43). Until the 1950s, geography was rather descriptive and examined the patterns on the regional basis in an attempt to describe and understand the particular places and events. Later, the geographers started to understand that the research should be conducted using more scientific methods. Frederick Schaefer, who has become one of the key catalysts in the process o adopting scientific methods into human geography, noted that geography should be based on the formulation of the laws that underlie the distribution of the certain features in society (p. 227).</div>
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Human geography, and positivism, in particular, should shift from fact gathering focused on places to law identification based on the spatial arrangement. Positivism adds important features to the discipline of human geography which is used to be unsystematic and analytically weak. Previously, human geographers were gathering the information as the evidence for the theories. The problem with this method is that it did not distinguish between the causal relations and accidental correlations. For example, the human geographer might suggest that the high temperature caused underdevelopment in tropical countries by inducing idleness among the residents (Hubbard, p. 42). Such assumption is false because the observation is ascribed to all cases within the region. The fact that the two events have been observed in the same place at the same time does not indicate that another caused one of them. This assumption should be tested scientifically.</div>
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<b>Criticism and challenges to positivism</b></div>
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Since the 1960s the human geography has much evolved due to the positivistic approach which opened the new reflections on geographical inquiry. At that period of time, the western countries were highly socially disturbed and were questioning the relevance of the existing disciplines providing political and social solutions. As a result, the geographical scientists have started to wonder the use of the scientific method and its philosophical positivism.</div>
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Positivistic geography has been questioned by Robert Sack who focused on spatial separatist position. He believed that time and matter had little value for analytical research and the determination of the spatial patterns would not help to identify why these patterns exist and why they change over time. It fails because it does not take into account the social and political processes.</div>
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Later, more critiques to positivism have developed, Marxist and radical in particular. Spatial science rejected such issues as politics and religion and gathered information only through observation. Thus, it was limited in some questions because it perceived individuals as rational beings without ideology and history. Critics argued that the structure of the society is more complicated. Harvey noticed that positivism did not help to understand such issues as ecological problems, class division and debts of the poor countries (p.64). Moreover, positivism was criticized for seeking to detail what is happening now and what will be changed in the future, while it could not give assumption what should be happening.</div>
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Positivism is people-less because it does not take into account the existence of the people’s beliefs, values and feelings and the impact of the feelings on the human geography. People do not always behave in the predicted way and human geographers offered to develop theories that are more sensitive to lives of people. Moreover, it has been noted that scientists cannot be completely objective and neutral in observing the world. This is impossible because geographers are also the participants who have their own views and perceptions.</div>
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Positivism is criticized for being too rational and seeking to minimize the human interactions to a predictable and theoretical setting which is not possible to do. Human geographers should reject this rationality and be more sensitive to the different relations within the process, to be more self-reflective, seek outside expertise. In other words, positivism is criticized for the search of tools to create the full rational knowledge of the world; while in fact, this knowledge will always be only partial and viewed from the certain perspective.</div>
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<b>Importance of positivism</b></div>
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As it was already noted at the beginning of the paper, knowledge can be and should be verified using the laws of science and nature. Verification is necessary to distinguish between the facts and fictions. Generalization is widely used in human geography research, and the so-called scientific method of testing allows to apply the results to all circumstances. What all of the information people possess is perceived either as fact or as a hypothesis. But the information which is considered to be factual now might not be several factual decades ago. Positivism and the study of positivism within human geography help to distinguish facts and fiction using scientific methods that are highly reliable.</div>
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Materials taught to students at school or university have been collected through positivistic methods. For example, in order to learn about how many people, plants, and animals live in the certain places and do not in the other, what kind of resources are used and in what ways, what cultural features are common for some areas and not others, a lot of data need to be collected and clear correlation between the different factors has to be found. Positivism is the only human geography philosophy which provides the answers to the above questions using purely scientific methods.</div>
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In order to understand the importance of positivism to human geography and human studies in general, it is enough to imagine the following situation: when the individual is presented with some information, he does not usually tend to ask the questions about the how was the data produced, whether the information is true or not. People tend to accept the presence of different classifications and categories for everything, but they rarely question how these categories were invented. Positivism gives the possibility to critique and to challenge the existing ways of understanding the world and to ask the questions about the world people are part of.</div>
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Positivists attack the supporter of metaphysics and religion because these systems of understanding the world are based on the statements that cannot be in practice verified in any way. Thus, such statements are only the expression of the one’s emotions and imagination. On the other hand, positivism helps to resolve the social conflicts making them more clear to formulate and providing the ultimate effective solution to them. Positivism seeks for the ideal regime of knowledge which can be resistant to the stance of social, moral and religious beliefs.</div>
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Positivism is not only the method to gain the valid knowledge and verify the assumptions, but it is also the ideology or the philosophical thought that promotes the social justice. Positivism is rather radical because it completely rejects the knowledge that cannot be verified. Theological knowledge or moral principles are radical in a similar way because the supporters of these disciplines sometimes reject the facts proved by science as well. The presence of such opposite beliefs generates the debate and leads to the further development of the theories that help to verify the gained information.</div>
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<b>Positivism today</b></div>
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Despite all criticism, positivism plays an important in human geography as the philosophy that employs scientific principles and reasoning and seeks for lawful models explaining the human world. Positivists seem to pay little attention to philosophical debates and critiques of their beliefs in general. It makes positivism weak unstable and vulnerable to the challenges because of lack of proper response. It does not mean that positivism lacks scientific theory, but it rather means that it lacks fundamental ontological base.</div>
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The work of human geography positivists does have value in addressing both the scientific matters and practical human situations. Nevertheless, the ignoring of the wider philosophical debates, positivism is often criticized for being limited in usage. Positivism is no longer sustainable for the human geography. In the long term, positivism might open the way for the new, more sensitive to unpredictable human behavior, theories. Moreover, positivism is a good tool for foreseeing predictable future.</div>
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In conclusion, positivism as the part of the human geography science should be studied and researched because it was one of the key philosophical beliefs that changed the perception of the human geography as the whole and has become the stimuli for the other theories to be developed. Positivism is based on the scientific evidence and has numerous advantages as the research and analytical tool. Positivists seek to explain the world from rational standpoint avoiding the influence of their emotions as well as ignoring the emotional factor of the observed population sample. Human geographers strive to find the correlation between different events, places, and behaviors to develop the pattern of how the universe functions.</div>
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<b><i> Works Cited</i></b></div>
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<i>Chalmers, A.F. What Is This Thing Called Science? St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1982.</i></div>
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<i>Harvey, D. Social Justice, and the City. London: Arnold, 1973.</i></div>
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<i>Hill, M.R. Positivism: a “hidden” philosophy in geography. London: Croom Helm, 1981.</i></div>
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<i>Hubbard, P., Kitchin, R., Bartley, B. and Fuller, D. Thinking Geographically: Space, Theory and Contemporary Human Geography. London: Continuum, 2002.</i></div>
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<i>Johnston, R.J. Philosophy and Human Geography: An Introduction to Contemporary Approaches, 2nd edn. London: Arnold, 1986.</i></div>
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<i>Schaefer, F.K. “Exceptionalism in geography: a methodological examination”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 43 (1951): 226–49.</i></div>
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<i>Unwin, T. The Place of Geography. Harlow: Longman, 1992.</i></div>
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<i>After all, if you decided to get a customized research paper on any human geography topic, <a href="https://www.effectivepapers.com/order.html" rel="nofollow">follow this order form online</a>.</i></div>
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-35612537549566907182017-12-05T09:13:00.000-08:002017-12-05T09:13:11.047-08:00Essay: Are Managers Made or Born?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Introduction</b><br />
The discussion of the matter whether managers are born or made continues to engross minds of many scientists, who conduct multiple types of research and surveys to get to the truth and answer the question. At the same time owners of large companies also ponder over this matter, dreaming about hiring a “super manager” to fulfill all of the tasks. Students, who study to become a manager with the primary goal to earn as much money as possible, also want to know the answer to reach their goals.<br />
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However, a clear answer stating that good managers are only born or they are only made has not been given yet. The majority of participants in the discussion are convinced that managers are gone, meaning that a person who does not have any education and experience in management cannot be a manager in any field of business. History of world business sometimes disproves the theory that all managers are made, and once in a while, the world of business is struck by the information about ordinary people who have become very successful managers. It is not necessary to look through the piles of newspapers and magazines to find a proper example, which Bill Gates certainly makes. Being a chairman of Microsoft Corporation now, Gates developed a version of programming language BASIC when he was a student at Harvard University. And in 1975 (his third year at the university) he and his friend Paul Allen already started their own company. There is no information in his biography about special training how to be a manager; however, Bill Gates became not only a successful manager but also a world leader in computer software. But, without the proper university education, Bill Gates could only be a computer genius not a chairman of Microsoft Co.<br />
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The primary goal of the current study is to find the answer to the question whether managers are made or born. Due to the presence of various opinions on this matter, it is necessary to discuss all of them, including the idea that qualities of a good manager are innate, the opinion that all managers are made by means of education, communication and personal experience, and the opinion that a manager is a combination of innate qualities and life experiences.<br />
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<b>Are managers made or born?</b><br />
Before answering the main question, it is necessary to find out for whom it matters whether a manager is born to be a manager or he/she is made to be one. First of all, it is important to note that if a person has no desire to become a manager, he will never become one no matter how hard all specialists in management will try to teach him. So, the first-key element is desire. Nowadays, a lot of people want to be managers rather than farmers, for example. They would like to work in the air-conditioned offices and control people rather than work in the fields or being controlled by someone. However, desire is not enough. Owners of the companies search for managers who would embody all of the essential qualities of a perfect manager, but it is well-known that ideal people do not exist. So, employers have to choose to hire, for example, a young, very enthusiastic and optimistic graduate, or an experienced, skillful but not so enthusiastic manager. The first one’s desire do work is remarkable. However, he/she lacks some experience, while the second one exactly knows what to do, but he would never take risks if he is not sure about something. In this situation, it is difficult to say who would be hired. The majority of people would probably say that the second one will be hired, because he is experienced one, however, it is important not to forget about enthusiasm and a desire to work with all one’s heart, both of which play a major role in company’s success.<br />
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Generally speaking, a good manager should possess so many qualities that it is sometimes hard to differentiate innate qualities from the ones that were learned. Among the most important qualities of a manager are insight, passion, flexibility, perseverance, and discipline. Insight is a very controversial quality, which may originate from the natural intuition of a person, or from great experience and previous studies on any particular matter. Discipline can also be an innate or a gained quality. In most cases, it is a gained quality, which people receive when they are brought in families and while studying at schools and universities. Speaking about passion and perseverance, it is important to note that if a person is naturally calm, he/she will never be very passionate about anything including his/her job. That’s why it is impossible to teach a person to be passionate or enthusiastic. To be a manager it is necessary always to know what to do. However, it is not enough while reaching certain goals, because it is also important to be persistent while working to realize every goal. Without persistence, all actions are in vain.<br />
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Having spoken about some of the qualities that should be possessed by good managers, it is necessary to discuss various opinions on the matter whether managers are made or born. Some people think that managers are born. Indeed, people are born with different types of characters, which of course predetermine future life and career of every individual. Strong-willed, goal-oriented and enthusiastic people are more likely to become successful managers than those, who possess none of the above-mentioned qualities. However, other people also have the right to become leaders. So, the desire to become a leader is of high importance. If a shy, sluggish and pessimistic person would seriously want to change something in one’s life, he/she will succeed if the desire is strong enough. “The key, essential element in all good business management is the emotional attitude. The rest is mechanics” [3] – writes the author of “The Book of Management Wisdom” Peter Krass. Indeed, managers should be very much interested and involved in what they are doing to reach success. It does not matter for how many years a manager works at the company if one is not interested in success and does not possess a goal; manager’s work in such a case would never be effective. Management is not only about making a profit, but it is also about realizing goals.<br />
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Despite the fact that desire to be a manager and “emotional attitude” are key qualities of a successful manager, hard work is also involved in the process of making a manager. Some people would describe a manager as “natural born,” trying to emphasize how good he/she is at what he does. The author of the book “Leadership Development in Balance: Made/Born” Bruce J. Avolio, gives the following explanation to the concept of a natural born managers: “It’s easy because we can simply attribute the individual’s leadership to something we may not understand, as opposed to digging in and trying to understand its source” [1]. A successful manager is a person, who should not only possess certain qualities but also reveal them in various situations. Besides, it is important to develop the natural qualities through hard work to excel all of the competitors. Bruce J. Avolio writes in his book that “the magic of leadership derives from the perseverance of working hard at being a more effective individual, who works with people to make them more effective to induce positive change” [1]. And he is certainly right because nothing comes from nothing, and only desire and hard work may lead to the achievement of goals. To become a manager, a person should gain knowledge in the field of economics, where he/she is going to work. It is necessary to receive certain skills in influencing people because a manager who cannot organize people’s work is worth nothing. Indeed, it is not enough just to have many ideas; it is necessary to develop the ways how to accomplish what has been planned. The best manager is the one, who always knows the best way to reach the goal. Usually, such a way is the only one, so the manager should be able to choose the best one out of many, which would also work but not as good as the one that needs to be chosen. A manager should also be a responsible person and be able to take any risks if it is necessary.<br />
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<b>Conclusion</b><br />
Having discussed the matter whether managers are born or made it is necessary to conclude. As it has been mentioned above, a good manager should possess many qualities, some of which can be innate, and some of which can be gained. From my point of view, managers are both born and made. It is impossible to become a leader if you don’t have any natural predispositions to it. However, it is also impossible to become a leader without hard work. All of the people are born with different qualities, which become more or less noticeable later in life. Why does it happen so? The explanation is easy.<br />
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Some of the qualities people use and work on more often than on others. For example, almost all people can sing at least a little bit. However, only people who learn singing techniques for years can become famous singers. Thus, the qualities people develop in them more will be later the ones that are better developed, thus more effective. A manager is not simply a combination of innate and gained qualities, skills and experience; it is the combination of all of the elements mentioned above, which are working correctly and harmoniously.<br />
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<b><i><span style="color: #999999;">Bibliography</span></i></b><br />
<i><span style="color: #999999;">Avolio, Bruce J. Leadership Development in Balance: Made/Born. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #999999;">Champy, James. The Hidden Qualities of Great Leaders. 2003</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #999999;">http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/76/jchampy.html</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #999999;">Krass, Peter. The Book of Management Wisdom: Classic Writings by Legendary Managers. John Wiley & Sons. 2000.</span></i><br />
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-18884580223988172392017-11-29T10:21:00.002-08:002017-11-29T10:21:28.556-08:00Orgon Personality in 'Tartuffe'<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Jean Baptiste Poquelin Moliere (1622-1673), the famous French playwright, played a significant role in the development of theatre. His contribution to world play art is very hard to overestimate. The characters and stories Moliere depicts in his plays became familiar and favorite to millions of thankful readers and viewers. One of the best works of this outstanding author is the comedy play 'Tartuffe'.</div>
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Tartuffe is a funny story about human weaknesses and flaws. The play takes place in Paris in the year 1660. The main character is Tartuffe, rather clever but greedy man who wants to become wealthy by deceiving others. He is a talented hypocrite and uses every possibility to mislead people. His principal aim is Orgon, the head of the wealthy family, with house, money, and beautiful daughter, Mariane. Tartuffe puts all his efforts to conquer the mind and the heart of Orgon’s family. </div>
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Orgon (along with his mother Madame Pernelle) is duped by humble, pious man and starts trusting him and caring about him. Surprisingly Orgon values Tartuffe more than other family members. For example, after coming back from his trip, Orgon asks Cleante, his brother-in-law, how was everything. During their dialog, the reader understands that the only one Orgon worries about are Tartuffe. Moreover, Orgon wants Tartuffe to marry his only daughter, beautiful Mariane. The girl cannot believe it, as she is already engaged with Valere, her loving fiancé. Dorine, her servant, supports Marine and tries to help her avoid terrible mistakes. Besides, Damis, Orgon’s son, is in love with Valere’s sister and is also interested in Mariane’s wedding. Elmire, Orgon’s wife, is a rather smart woman. She realizes that Tartuffe is a typical hypocrite and tries to convince her husband in it. However, Orgon is blind in his emotions and does not hear his smart wife. Everybody in the family, besides Orgon himself and his mother, suspects Tartuffe’s insincerity. Damis tries to catch Tartuffe when he professes love to Elmire, but when he tells Orgon about it, the reaction is unbelievable. Orgon does not believe his son and disinherits him. Besides, he signs over his property to Tartuffe. The fight between Tartuffe and Orgon’s family continues until Orgon opens his eyes and realizes the real nature of his friend. Orgon bans Tartuffe from his house, but Tartuffe has all the right to Orgon’s house, money, and papers. Luckily the king intervenes, and Tartuffe is arrested.</div>
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This play has several significant messages that readers usually see. Lies are bad, and a liar will be punished (about Tartuffe), value your family and those who love you (about Orgon), keep trying and you will succeed if your aim is good (about Elmire), believe in love, and it will win (about Mariane and Valere), and others. Some people think that Moliere portrayed human weaknesses and flaws depicting Orgon’s and Tartuffe’s behavior. However, to my mind, there are some more hidden messages in this play. For example, Orgon is usually seen as a silly and stubborn man unable to tell right from wrong. But I saw Orgon as a person who was seeking for something good and sincere in his life. When he meets Tartuffe and faces his virtues and religious nature, he believes Tartuffe at once. It is not because Orgon is very foolish and naive person, but because he sees what he wants to see. I believe that silly man could not become wealthy and grow two nice children. To my mind, Orgon wanted to be the pious and religious person himself and meets the embodiment of his dream in Tartuffe. It is not Tartuffe who dupes Orgon. Orgon desires to be closer to faith, and goodness fooled him and made him blind.</div>
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Many readers consider Orgon weak and mean. However, I am sure that Moliere wanted to depict Orgon as a kind-hearted and strong man. Truly, how could a weak person reach such a high and respected position in French society? Besides, one of the most important Orgon’s features is devotion to friendship. As Orgon trusts Tartuffe and considers him his guest and friend, he must prove his attitude. Thus, when Orgon signs over his property to his best friend Tartuffe, he shows his commitment to true man’s friendship. He trusts his friend more than himself and his family and is not afraid to admit and demonstrate it. Only kind and strong man that believes in friendship and faith are able for such serious acts.</div>
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Tartuffe by Moliere is to my mind one of the cutest and controversial plays. Being written around 350 years ago, I am sure it will be popular for many hundreds of years more.</div>
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-30882926027562442072017-11-29T10:14:00.000-08:002017-11-29T10:14:29.461-08:00Instructional Materials Development<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Visual aids are recommended for use in virtually any kinds of college or university presentation.<br />
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Professors use visual presentations to increase students’ understanding of the topic and chosen theme.<br />
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Visual presentations are necessary to foster student’s learning and understanding of events, sequences and relationships. These visuals allow students to make abstract events and events distant in time more real for students. The following essay will speak about the importance of visuals in modern day education. I will comment on the selected visual and express my educated opinion on the importance of visuals.<br />
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<i>Now let’s analyze the goals of visual communication as depicted below:</i><br />
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<li><b>Ensuring legibility</b>. Visual communication does not guarantee that the visual aids are legible. The writer should use little visuals to assure their readability. The use of proper color palette, necessary font size and images is what can assure that the visual communication is legible. The visual used for writing this essay certainly was legible as the use of colors and fonts were properly selected.</li>
<li><b>Reducing the effort required to interpret the message</b>. A picture is worth a thousand words, so typically a visual aid used in our example quickly provided the reader with the necessary information to interpret the message. The visuals should have a legend to make the visuals even easier to understand. The message needs to be legible to reduce the effort required to interpret the message. The visual should be relevant to the topic discussed. The visual aid used for writing this essay certainly reduced the efforts required to interpret the message as it is structure and limited amount of words and graphics make the visual useful.</li>
<li><b>Increasing the viewer's active engagement with the message</b> can be achieved only through the use of legend, bright colors and vivid statements. Once again, the proper use of colors, fonts, images and relevant size of those is what can make the visual involving for the viewer. Only the relevant visual could engage the viewer. The visual used to write this essay engage the reader’s and viewer’s active engagement. Still, I believe that the use of different colors such as red and yellow would certainly make the active engagement even greater.</li>
<li><b>Focusing attention on the most important parts of the message</b> can be achieved with the use of colors and bold lines. Indeed, the proper format of the visual is what can make it readable, legible, and attractive for the viewers. Still, it is necessary to make the visual aesthetically pleasing and eye-catching. Sometimes it might be advisable not to use colors at all or use many colors at once to achieve that perfect balance that effectively can illustrate and uphold the idea.</li>
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I had discovered that while the first slide of the example visual aid clearly provided the information about the pupation of 3 chosen American states, the second and third slides were less easy to understand, memorize and interpret. The primary reason for the ineffectiveness of slides #2 and #3 to reach the reader on a deep level is because of the lack of legend on a comparison chart and pie diagram. Using percentages and correct figures to complement the visuals allows students to benefit from these visuals the most.<br />
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In conclusion, I would like to note that the visuals are used by professors and students to illustrate the points related to calculations, statistics and numeric data. These visuals allow one to get a better understanding of the facts and things described in the presentation or text. To make presentations useful the author needs to pay attention to the overall pattern, arrangement, verbal elements and appeal. </div>
effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-7187008576086091842017-11-24T04:46:00.000-08:002017-11-24T04:46:02.689-08:00Academic Redshirting Essay<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Till recent time the term ‘redshirting’ was usually used in college sport. It was used to describe the situation, when a student was kept away from the sport competition during the period of one year.<br />
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There were several possible reasons for this “redshirting”. There reasons were academic, medical or simply giving the chance for other students to take part in certain sport activity. <br />
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This strategy was also used in order to give athletes time to train more and to improve their skills.<br />
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After certain time the term “redshirting” has got another shade of meaning. In modern language academic redshirting stands for keeping children who must go to school one more year in kindergarten. Parents and teachers use academic redshirting in a strong belief that extra year will let children grow physically and emotionally and will make them more prepared for school. Recent statistics shows that redshirting is a rather common phenomenon in the modern society. “The National Center for Education Statistics and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study report that between six and nine percent of age-eligible kindergartners are held back from on-time school entry.” (West, Meek, & Hurst, 2002, p.67).<br />
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Statistics data, provided by the National Centre for Education Statistics, can give more explicit information on the subject. Statistics shows that till recent time redshirting was more popular in small communities and among children who attend private schools. In addition, according to the National Center for Education Statistics the cases of redshirting are more often among boys of the school age.<br />
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Children who are born in the later part of the year also often become redshirted by their parents. The NCES report also shows that white, non-Hispanic children are more than twice as likely as black, non-Hispanic children to have entered kindergarten later than their birthdays allowed (West, Meek, & Hurst, 2002, p.45).<br />
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There are several possible reasons for the growing popularity of academic redshirting in modern society. <br />
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In the most cases redshirting is regarded as a way to make children more prepared for school. Parents give them extra year keep them away from school in the hope that they will succeed better in the future. Statistics partially proves such an idea since kindergarten teachers state that approximately 48% of their students did not possess enough skills and knowledge to satisfy the demands of the kindergarten curriculum. “Alarmingly high percentages of teachers indicated that half of their students lacked important skills, including “following directions” (46%), “academic skills” (36%), and the ability to “work independently” (34%).” (Graue & DiPerna, 2002, 58). Such data can become an alarming signal and partially justify actions of those parents, who hold their children from entering school one extra year. From the other side, such data must become a reason to think over an appropriateness of school curriculum. <br />
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Effects of redshirting were not studies carefully yet. There are positive and negative consequences of holding children from school for one more year. Short-term outcomes are more evident and easier to study, but long-term ones are not so obvious. There is no one definite position of the specialists concerning redshirting. Proponents and opponents of redshirting use different approaches to the problem and often use same statistics to prove different polar conclusions. There is no agreement on the connection between school readiness and redshirting. When speaking about this factor, it is necessary to keep in mind that very often parents and teachers understand different things under school readiness. Latest researches show that teachers pay more attention to communicative skills as main factors, which define their preparation for school; while parents define academic skills, such as counting and writing when making their conclusions about the school readiness of their children (Ackerman, 2005). This difference in perception often becomes an important factor, which brings contradictions and causes many problems in defining the level of children’s readiness for school. Sometimes overprotective parents mix up usual children anxiety to enter new surrounding, such as kindergarten with their unreadiness for college.<br />
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Proponents of redshirting underline short-termed effects of redshirting underline positive results it has on academic achievements of children. There are several positive short-termed effects of academic redshirting. First of all, it increases academic rates. Secondly, it raises self-confidence of children and helps them to achieve popularity in their social groups. <br />
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In the broader level, it helps to have mixed groups inside the classroom where children of different ages interact with each other. There are several short-termed effects of redshirting. There is an opinion that in the classrooms with redshirted children other children may feel not comfortable enough in comparison to their older classmates.<br />
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Older children may also have advantages in physical development and motor skills in comparison to their younger classmates. Different ages presented in one class can make it more difficult for the teachers to organize the learning process. <br />
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Redshirting may be a way out for at-risk children, who have health problems. In this case redshirting can help these children to avoid many problems connected with school failure. <br />
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Educators, who decide to advise parents to redshirt their child, should take into account many factors, such as race, gender, ethnicity, age and economic status of the family.<br />
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Long-term effects of redshirting are harder to trace. Opponents of the redshiriting state that big percentages of redshirted children have behavioral problems in comparison to their classmates. This new data contradicts the previous common opinion that redshirted children have less behavioral problems than their classmates. In reality, redshirted children have behavioral problems, and in many cases, the rate of behavioral problems of these children is higher than the rate of children, who went to school in time. Until recent time there was also widespread a common opinion that redshirted children needed less special services and additional help during study process than other children.<br />
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Latest research proves wrongfulness of this thesis. “Moreover, in light of evidence of a higher use of special education by redshirted youths, there is a great deal of speculation that many individuals who were redshirted as kindergartners may have had special needs that were misdiagnosed as immaturity and that should have been treated by some form of direct intervention other than delayed entry” (Marshall, 2003, p. 143). Unfortunately, redshirted children often have learning disabilities, which are not diagnosed timely. So, it becomes evident that data, given by the proponents of redshirting, is easily disproved by their opponents. In general teachers usually, expect that redshirted children would perform better than their classmates and would need less assistance. In reality, this does not happen, and redshirted children need not less assistance than other children, and sometimes they even need more attention from the teacher and parents. While parents and teachers turn to the opinion that redshirting can have a positive effect on the academic rates of children, education researchers express concerns regarding redshirting. They are concerned that holding children back from school one more additional year can have an adverse effect on their communicative skills and cause further problems when they become teenagers. Educational specialists state that the level of readiness should not be the problem for professional teachers, who should educate students despite their readiness level. As mentioned before, readiness level cannot be measured by academic achievements. It can be described only by the combination of factors and communication abilities, which make an important part of them. Holding children back from school their parents do not let them develop these communication abilities. <br />
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Opponents of the academic redshirting point to the negative consequences of holding children one extra year away from school. They state that such a policy bring harm to everyone – children, teachers and their parents. They call a year, spent away from school “a stolen year.” They deny statistical data, given by the proponents of redshirting. “Research does not support this practice. In fact, delaying kindergarten entry often has negative effects. Families need to consider that by holding their child out, they may, in fact, be depriving the child of important opportunities for learning—what Graue and DiPerna refer to as theft of opportunity”( Marshall, 2003, p.136). Moreover, opponents of redshirting state since long-lasting effects of redshirting are not easy to trace, they may not appear till adolescence. They warn parents about causing harm to their children who will have a long-lasting impact on their future. <br />
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It is evident that there are positive and negative consequences of redshirting and parents, who consider this opportunity should consider both to take a right decision.<br />
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Both sides – opponents and proponents of redshirting have strong arguments to support their positions, but the parents of children should make the final decision. Parents should take into account all pros and cons to take a right choice. It is evident that academic redshirting has both – positive and negative consequences and both should be taken into account. It is necessary to keep in mind one more important thing when making a decision. It is necessary to remember that positive effects of redshirting are mainly short-termed and thus more visible, while negative effects are not so evident, but they still exist. Some negative consequences do not appear until children enter high-school. <br />
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-68323120605886436452017-11-24T04:40:00.003-08:002017-11-24T04:40:45.387-08:00Competent Learner or Successful Student?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b> Introduction</b><br />
Have you noticed that people who had perfect grades during their college or University study not always become successful professionals in their further life? It can be partially explained by the educational system adapted in the whole world till recent times. All our system education was based on the results achieving and thus being a successful student meant only getting high grades during the tests or exams. Individual peculiarities of the learners and their psychical differences were not taken into account by the educational system. Result-centered education process came to the society people who possessed a lot of knowledge and no ability to learn something new or ability to adapt the changeable surrounding. Finally, it made the methodologists and all those interested in the effectiveness of the studying process to turn their attention to the learning process itself without such close links to its results.<br />
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We define learning as the use of the process of meta-awareness while the teaching is the process directed to develop these skills. Meta-awareness consists of several aspects. They are: mulling, connecting, rehearsing, expressing, reflecting and revising. Only when all these processes are presented in the learning process, we can hope for the positive result. Mulling defines the way of approaching the problem or activity. It also includes past experiences concerning this action. Connecting contains knowledge about the activity. Rehearsing is the process of discussing the ways to fulfill the activity. Under the expressing, we understand the presentation of the first result obtained while completing the activity. Reflecting follows expressing and its main aim is to make possible improvements. Revising also assumes making changes, but these changes are made after reflections. <br />
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<b>Learning Process</b><br />
During the extended period of type, the learning was centered on the knowledge, students, and teachers but nobody paid particular attention to the teaching as a process. Latest swift of focus in the science of methodology has proved that learning is a process and it’s necessary to teach it. Becoming a good learner is possible. There are several ways to improve your learning abilities, and some of them are self-reflection, mentoring and experience exchange with colleagues. <br />
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The changes in the methods of teaching have changed the focus from teacher-centered learning to student-centered learning. Let Me Learn Process is a learner-based education, which makes them central figures of the process.<br />
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Getting good grades and being a successful student isn’t the same as being a good learner. Suitable marks and high grades fully reflect the attitude of the past days when in the process of learning the teacher was the center of the learning process and all the attention was paid to the result. The lack of attention to the learning process itself and centering on the results only have created a misbalance in the learning process. A lot of students left learning institutions frustrated because of bad grades while their natural learning abilities haven’t been discovered. <br />
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Students were not taught to learn; they were taught only to obtain good results. Nowadays the situation has changed as the accent is shifted from the result to the process of learning. The process of education as it existed in the past can be described rather like schooling. It was characterized by the group character of the process where the individual characteristics of the learning were not taken into account, all the pupils were taught the same uniform content, and corresponding to general norms and standards was necessary. Pupils didn’t form their own educational goals and studied preferably correspond to the expectations of the society and their parents. Changes in the education process have changed it and learning became at the center of attention of teachers and methodologists. During the teaching, the main attention is paid to the socio-cultural development. The process is divided into stages, and all students are regarded as separate individuals with their peculiarities, abilities and personal characteristics. The approach is more humanist and progressive and reflects significant changes in the society, such as turn to humanism in all spheres of human life.<br />
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As we see, schooling and learning differ fundamentally. While learning centers on the individuality of the pupils applying humanistic approaches, education regards everybody as a part of the social group applying united standards. <br />
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During the development of methods of teaching, researchers turned to different approaches while treating the learning process and the personality of the learner. Socio-emotional theories of development proposed by Erikson and Gardner center on the individual abilities of the learners and the way they are applied in the society. Erikson discovered the stages personality goes through in the process of development and qualities that appear while passing these stages. Garder developed the theory of multiple intelligences, which stressed on the uniqueness of each learner and the necessity to take into account difference in the learners’ abilities. <br />
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Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, and Skinner developed the behaviorist theories of instinctive response. Vygotsky, Dewey, Eysenck, von Glasersfeld, Slavin, Sternberg worked with cognitive approach. They regarded the learning as the process, which existed inside the mind and was based on previous experiences. They also believed that intelligence could be measured. Latest theories tend to turn to humanistic approach as the most effective one. Such specialists as Dewey, Montessori, Maslow, Rogers, Gardner developed their concepts using humanistic and progressive methods. The range of techniques proposed by them includes the ideas of the necessity of learning through interaction with social institutions, applying playing while learning and the use of non-directive teaching model. As we see, the last methods reflect the humanistic tendency in education and the change in the accents of teaching from teacher-based model to learner-based one. Despite the changes in the accents of the learning process, the role of a teacher is still vital in the process of education. The teacher nowadays meets a lot of challenges and needs to decide a lot of problems to make his students effective learners. First of all the teacher should be open to new experience to meet the changing needs of the developing society. The teacher should be aware of the institutional expectations for learning, be acquainted with the big number of teaching approaches and operate different ways of curriculum delivery. The role of a teacher is no way diminished in the educational process nowadays. The teacher is still the leader and the authority for students. It’s only necessary to remember that individual interests of students are of primary importance and the best results can be achieved only if the teacher shares responsibilities with learners. At the same time, the institutional expectations from the educational process should not also be neglected. <br />
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The changes in the attitude to the role of a teacher in the education process will naturally lead to the changes in the learners’ roles in the process. The education model used in the past left a lot of pupils aside the learning process not giving the opportunities to realize themselves as successful learners or successful students. Not interested in the process of learning itself and motivated only by grades, they couldn’t find enough motivation and were rejected by the educational system. The idea that the learning process can be valuable itself and can bring joy and make students interested and passionate has changed the concept of contemporary education. What is notable, centering on the process of learning and paying less attention to the results makes not only students more interested and involved in the process but also improves their grades. It proves one more time that new approach is more effective. <br />
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<b>Approach to Education</b><br />
The modern approach to education process is based on the student’s creative freedom and is aimed to develop all talents of each student. This approach is confluent, and it will try to satisfy the requirements both the students and the teachers. First of all the student won’t be criticized for his ideas and will be allowed to begin the assignment and do it in his unique manner choosing methods and ways. He will have the possibility to ask for directions and teacher’s help later. The student will be allowed to show his own performances and speeches and always receive feedback. Such kind of approach provides the individual development of students and teachers and guarantees confluent ties between a successful student and a competent learner.<br />
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Robert Sternberg developed his own theory that is based on the combination of three main principles: analytic, creative and practical. Analytic principle provides individual cognitive activity, which includes metacognition and information processing. The creative policy is based on the individual activity to use previous life experience to react to events. Practical principle assumes to show person’s reaction to the everyday environment, that principle is based on the adapting existing skills while the background of the creative principle is responding to unusual events. Combining all these principles allows not just to get the basic knowledge of the subject but to develop analyzing thinking. So, such a way, learning is aimed not at grades and the development of successful students but on the quality of learning process and as a result the quality of knowledge. <br />
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<b>Conclusion</b><br />
In the modern learning process, we can name a lot of cases when the pupil or the student isn’t successful on this subject while the other subject is his favorite and he succeeds in it. At first glance for parents and teachers this phenomenon is a complete enigma. One day the child does his best and does everything in his power while the next day he isn’t interested in the subject and it seems that he’s forgotten everything. Parents can’t explain this paradox and begin to blame the child for his laziness. Cases when we see child’s misbehavior, lack of interest and stupidity is in fact not his fault. Such behavior is explained by unique central nervous system of the student and inappropriate leaning system. Such theory is given by Kephart (1971). In such a way successful cooperation between the teacher and the student is practically impossible, so it’s rather hard to speak about a successful student and a competent learner. Very often parents press down on their child and make him study all the subjects successfully. It will make the child a successful student but be not interested in what he’s learning he’ll never be a competent learner. <br />
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In this work, we’ve tried to answer the question why a competent learner may not always be a successful student, and we have found that the root of the problem lies in the education system. The flexible education system, which combines feedback to a learner, testing performance, diversity and depth of information, its quality, Learning with particular technology in the classroom, testing against arbitrary standards, will give all possibilities for the student’s all-round development. First steps in this direction have already been made, but there’s still a lot to do. <br />
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<b> Bibliography</b><br />
1. Johnston, C.A., (1998). Let Me Learn. Corwin Press Inc., California, p. 4.<br />
2. Kephart, N.C.(1971) The Slow Learner in the Classroom. Charles Merrill, Columbus, OH.<br />
3. Sternberg, R. (1988). The Triarchic Mind: A New Theory of Intelligence. NY: Viking Press.</div>
effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-80380362854673150362017-11-14T07:23:00.003-08:002017-11-14T07:23:31.623-08:00Essay: Does Life after Death Exist?<b>Does Life after Death Exist: View on Different Concepts in Buddhism and Confucianism</b><br />
Both China and India have very long histories, describing the life of people in these two countries since antiquity till today. China as well as India possesses many exciting and at the same time unique customs, traditions, and beliefs. People of both countries practice different religions, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, Islam, Christianity, and others. However, it’s not so unusual to compare beliefs of two countries, as we already know a lot of facts about Indian and Chinese religions and cultures. Thus, the current essay will explore the concepts of life and death in Buddhism, since it is the second widespread religion in India, teaching people rather unusual ways how to reach happiness, and concepts of life and death in Confucianism, because it was one of the main religions in ancient China, and had a great impact on cultural and social views of its people. The matter of life and death is addressed in all religions. Some of the religions state that there is life after death, emphasizing the importance of living a pious life because human souls go to heaven or hell after death, which is conditioned by person’s previous life. Others reject the idea of life after death, stating that human souls live forever, or that there is neither heaven nor hell, and that human souls might settle down in animals or plants. Thus, the matter of life after death remains a rather controversial one, provoking multiple disputes between religions. The main goal of this essay is to find out if life after death is possible, and how this concept is discussed in Buddhism and Confucianism.<br />
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Since the foundation of the first religion, people were trying to find out whether life after death exists, and where human souls go after their bodies are dead. Though there have been many advances in science and medicine, this question remains unanswered. Scientists treat the theory of life after death as something fantastic and impossible, while staunch followers of Christianity, for example, are sure about life after death, and their faith makes them live a more righteous life to avoid being sent to hell. <br />
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So, what the followers of Buddhism and Confucianism think about life after death? Buddhist views are different from those of other religions. First of all, Buddha’s teachings reject the existence of the soul in humans, because soul in Buddhism is equated to “self” or “ago,” and appears to be a negative concept in this religion. In Buddhism, a soul means a set of feelings and emotions of a person that is in constant movement and development. This principle in Buddhism is called Anatta, which rejects the material theory and the existence of a human soul. Followers of Buddhism believe that the human soul is constantly reborn. Thus the soul cannot be substantial. Buddha defined soul as a combination of human internal forces, including perception, feeling, mind (consciousness) and body matter. This is how Buddhists describe human life. As for death, Buddhists treat death as something inevitable. Thus, every person will die sooner or later. However, Buddha taught about different cycles of life. “This means they believe people do not live and die just once but can be reborn some times before reaching their end state” [1]. The followers of Buddhism treat death as the destruction of material, out of which humans are composed, but it’s not a negative concept in Buddhism. Buddhists are not afraid of death, as it is “a passage to rebirth in another realm such as the human world, a pure land or the flowering of the ultimate nature of the mind” [2]. Indeed, Buddha didn’t teach if life has its end, as he “was an agnostic on such matters and believed no-one could ever know for sure how life began and what it would be like at the end” [1].<br />
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Chinese philosopher established Confucianism and political activist K’ung Fu Tzu (Confucius), however, very often Confucianism is referred to not as a religion, but as a philosophical and ethical study. Originally, Confucius’s primary goal was to become a political leader of China, but when he failed to do that he decided to teach moral conduct to people. He wasn’t recognized as a significant figure during his lifetime, but his teachings played a major role in the development of China after his death, he was even ordered to be worshiped to by the Government, while his basic principles and concepts were added to the Chinese laws. <br />
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Confucianism views life and death not as religious concepts, but as social ones. Confucius devoted most of his studies to the examination of life, but not death. Thus, he rejected the idea of the existence of life after death. Confucius stated that “fate determines life and death, and wealth and nobleness are determined by heaven” [3]. The reason for exploring life rather than death Confucius explained by human lack of knowledge about life. Confucius even stated that man could be immortal; however, he didn’t provide us with enough facts to prove this statement. Neglecting life after death, Confucius emphasized the importance to live a righteous life by following specific patterns. According to Confucius people have to love and respect their parents, to do right things, to be benevolent and pious. Unlike Buddhism, Confucianism doesn’t treat life as suffering and doesn’t speak about a constant rebirth of the human soul. <br />
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Having spoken about both Confucianism and Buddhism, it is necessary to conclude. From my point of view, the existence of life after death is determined by human belief or disbelief in this concept. Different religions interpret the theory of life after death differently, supporting it or rejecting it. Buddhists believe in life after death, because for them death is just another phase of life, after which a person continues to live in another form. However, Confucianism, being a more materialistic concept, utterly rejects life after death, stating that it’s more important to live than die, and presuming that people can be immortal. Buddhists agree to suffer the whole life to reach Nirvana, while Confucians prefer to live a pious life just because it is correct, but not because they are afraid of going either to hell or heaven. <br />
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This is a free sample college essay about 'Does Life after Death Exist?' If you want to order a custom essay on this topic, don't hesitate to visit this site: <a href="https://www.effectivepapers.com/custom-essay.php" rel="nofollow">https://www.effectivepapers.com/custom-essay.php</a>.effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-62553429204948237622017-11-14T07:19:00.000-08:002017-11-14T07:19:00.866-08:00General Motors Research Paper<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>General Motors</b> is a complex organization that operates globally and has a matrixed structure. For years, it has been no easy task to function successfully as the world’s largest automotive corporation. Overcoming various challenges of the modern business environment requires an adequate organizational structure accompanied by efficient and visionary leadership. In fact, the researchers today speak of the importance of strategic management in the context of organizational structure: </div>
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“Effective strategic management includes a global external orientation, clear business segmentation, an intimate understanding of strategic marketing and competitor analysis, a focus on appropriate measures of performance, systematic resource allocation, and a supporting organization structure and culture. The development of strategic management systems with these components will facilitate American organizations to compete effectively both domestically and internationally.” (Kellogg School of Management, 2005, “Why Strategy Is Important Today”)</div>
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As the official website of the company informs, the activity of General Motors is overseen by the Board of Directors. The Board has two main functions: the firsts are associated with electing the officers of the corporation, and the later is connected to managing its performance. At the moment, there are eleven Board members, including nine non-employee members and two management members. The Board maintains the corporation’s business and fulfills its tasks through some Committees. At the moment, there are six committees: Audit, Capital Stock, Director Affairs, Executive Compensation, Investment Funds, and Public Policy.</div>
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Evaluating the composition and performance of the Board of Director, I believe it’s a very reasonable way to watch the owners’ interest in conducting a successful business, including optimizing long-term financial returns. The inclusion of two management members benefits the Board: it’s an additional method of ensuring the independence of the Directors, which is not only required by law but also necessary for balanced-decision making. <br />
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The automotive business is managed through strategy boards responsible to the Board of Directors. There are four strategy boards: the Automotive Strategy Board, North America Strategy Board, European Strategy Board, Latin America, Africa and Mid-East Strategy Board, and Asia Pacific Strategy Board. The Automotive Strategy Board is the most important one about other boards: its function includes global strategic direction of GM’s automotive business, which accounted for 80% of our sales and revenues in 2000. <br />
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The regional division is typical for the majority of large corporations with global operations, and it has proved to be the most efficient model. Each of the Regional Boards deals with the issues topical for the certain region and reports to the Automotive Strategy Board, together with complying with its general corporate guidelines. <br />
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As for the organization of production process, General Motors has been long perceived as an organization that violated the key principles of efficient organization advocated by the theorists. GM is notorious for multidivisional corporate structure instead of decentralized organizational structure. The coordinated policy is the ultimate value for the organization. However, individual business units enjoy significant freedom. Senior management is responsible for strategic decisions, while individual business units can choose the ways to implement them. Interdivisional units are created to keep the organizational structure integrated. <br />
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For years, the organizational structure of General Motors was labeled as M-form. M-form organizations, as opposed to U-form, are organized into relatively independent operating units, focused either geographically or on a particular task. However, latter research revealed that “large global corporations are creating a new organizational model in the 1990’s that is significantly different from the M-form organization that has dominated corporate structures over the preceding five decades and that has provided the context for much of current management theory.” (Bartlett, 1993, p.24) <br />
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M-form organization underlines decentralization of responsibility to operating divisions whose activities were planned, coordinated and controlled by a strong corporate management. It has long been viewed as the only possible vehicle for growth of large corporations in the era of globalization. In fact, the organizational structure of General Motors is far more complicated. Reporting procedures and inquiring tools limit the independence of the sub-divisions but for the sake of the well-being of the company. <br />
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Such model, I sometimes referred to as participative decentralization. It implies including divisional executives in strategic planning or policy formulation. So, General Motors is not a classical M-form example. M-form is a very formal structure, while a certain degree of informality is present in GM’s organizational structure. <br />
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There’s something more potent than a formal structure that makes General Motors integrated and prosperous. It’s organizational culture. The employees and managers are encouraged to develop emotional alignment with the mission and goals of the corporation, and this helps GM function as a wholesome entity. <br />
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With all the positive things said about the organizational structure of General Motors, there is space for improvement. Moreover, there is a clear and consistent need for development. The overall performance of the corporation turned out to be disappointing lately: <br />
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“[In May 2005] GM shocks Wall Street with the news that earnings are falling sharply, leaving its credit rating teetering on the edge of junk-bond status. A month later, it follows by announcing a $1.1 billion loss for the first quarter, and executives say they can no longer provide earnings guidance for the rest of the year. GM’s reliance on SUVs and incentives to goose sales hasn’t stopped its U.S. market share from sliding to 25.6%.” (Business Week, 2005, p.10) <br />
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My recommendations to the General Motors would include specific pieces of advice on certain levels of operation. For the Board of Directors, it can be beneficial to increase the number of management members: the insiders of the company should have a larger say in strategic decision-making. Also, I would like to recommend increasing the role of the Automotive Strategy Board. At the same time, Regional Boards should review the sub-division of the business units and figure out if there is a waste in the management system. Some business units can be merged in case they perform virtually the same functions. Similarly, the units overloaded with tasks can be further divided. These organizational changes will enhance the performance of General Motors. <br />
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-88258040807872501822017-11-09T09:27:00.003-08:002017-11-09T09:27:50.347-08:00Textual Analysis Essay Sample<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The text analyzed is an article from the Salon magazine website entitled "So What’s It All About, Barbie?". The Editors of Mothers Who Think who authored the article ridicule the recent shift in the fashion industry that has created Barbies of healthier and more real-life proportions. Instead, they call the allegations against the favorite toys of generations “the paranoid fantasies of conspiracists who'd like us to believe that the doll is an agent of antifeminist mind control” (“So What’s It All About, Barbie?”, 1997). The claim that the slim toy is “being partly responsible for eating disorders in teenage girls as well as breast implants and cosmetic surgery in adult women” is proclaimed ridiculous (“So What’s It All About, Barbie?”, 1997). The main ideas have been discovered through reading the paragraphs and observing shifts in the author’s discussion. First presenting factual information about the debate, the authors then move toward formulating their position in the debate.<br />
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Introducing their position with rhetorical questions “But isn't interpretation what toys are all about?” also helps the reader to find the main ideas (“So What’s It All About, Barbie?”, 1997).<br />
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The text means a vehement denial of accusations against the favorite dolls of the millions and includes an attempt to protect the cherished ideals from what is seen as unhealthy feminist allegations. The text creates explicit meanings through vivid imagery. For example, the authors quote the obviously foolish proposal to build Barbie with “a mustache, cellulite and varicose veins” (“So What’s It All About, Barbie?”, 1997). On the implicit level, putting the words ‘healthy change’ in brackets, the authors suggest that the shift in Barbie’s appearance is in fact far from healthy. Talking about playing with the doll that “smelled good,” “playing for hours on rainy afternoons, playing and playing and playing,” the authors invoke the implicit meaning of hominess, family atmosphere, and warmth that is sure to appeal to their readers’ nostalgic feelings. The explicit meaning here targets semantic processes while the implicit one addresses pragmatic ones.<br />
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The text was produced by an unidentified group of authors labeled as the Editors of Mothers Who Think. The reasons for such anonymity can be multiple: the text could have been produced by several individuals, with no one willing to claim the full authorship of the text. On the other hand, the staff of the publication could have emphasized their unanimity in the expression of the ideas. In any case, the intent in the creation of the text was to establish a position concerning an acute social issue that falls within the competence of the publication, as noted by the name Mothers Who Think. As a section of the Salon magazine, this edition claims to offer thought-provoking pieces on being a mother, and taking a controversial position in the debate can help further its attraction by appealing to mothers willing to explore all sides of the discussion. The article is also to fall into the general style of publications to make sense. <br />
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The text can have different meanings to different parts of the audience. For example, feminist activists can see it as a manifestation of the conservative viewpoint that defines the notorious doll as “a powerful indoctrination into the culture of acquisitiveness and its attendant disappointments” (“So What’s It All About, Barbie?”, 1997). However, they can still use it as an example of the opposing viewpoint and material for refutation. To the feminists, the text can serve as an incarnation of the ideas of fixed gender roles associated with the acquisition of a girl in childhood and romantic image of beauty and love that also oppresses a woman’s mind.<br />
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On the other hand, mothers who refer to the text to find out more information on the latest developments in toy industry will see it primarily as a way to obtain more information on the new design of Barbies that will help them assess its attraction. For example, a mother thinking of what type of design she wants for her daughter, the old ‘glamorous’ or the new ‘healthy’ one, can turn to the article for exploration of the issue. The material found there will make sense to her in the light of decision-making. <br />
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For educators and psychologists, the text will make sense as long as they can compare it with their research in the area and personal analysis of the issue. Comparing intuitive findings of the authors with their scholarly work or literature review, they will be able to confirm or dispute the opinion.<br />
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The text is a magazine article and is similar to many documents of the same form. Like journal articles, it does use some research, and some material used in discussion is even available through the supplied links. Unlike journal articles, however, the cited material is not rigorously documented.<br />
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Conclusions are based not on findings obtained through research, but on intuition and the author’s emotions. This approach is typical of magazine publications. Also typical is the wide use of figurative language that creates colourful pictures in the mind of the reader: “pink-and-lacy epitome of feminine role play”, “story percolating in the idle minds of editorial writers”, “beer-bellied, bald, couch-potato Ken” (“So What’s It All About, Barbie?”, 1997). <br />
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The cultural significance of the text lies in the contribution it makes to the debate of the harmful trends affecting the body image of young girls in the US and the way Barbie dolls affect stereotypes. Adding fuel to the debate, the articles urge proponents of more realistic Barbie designs to find new arguments to substantiate their point of view and aim for the greater validity of their claims. The ideas expressed in the text demonstrate the emphasis the US society places on children’s upbringing and the formation of the right ideals in the early years. It also continues the debate about women’s body image and the role of fashion and toy industry in shaping these ideals. More broadly, the article can be seen as part of the discussion on the role of women in society and ideals imposed on their minds by their environments. <br />
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<i><b><span style="color: #999999;"> References</span></b></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #999999;">Hadley, R.F. The `Explicit-Implicit' Distinction. Retrieved April 18, 2006, from Simon Fraser University Burnaby website at http://fas.sfu.ca/pub/cs/hadley/implicit-explicit.ps</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #999999;">“So What’s It All About, Barbie?” (1997, November 26). Salon Retrieved April 18, 2006, from http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/1997/11/cov_26feature.html</span></i></div>
effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-40258942923141934292017-11-09T09:19:00.004-08:002017-11-09T09:19:37.299-08:00War on Terrorism Research Paper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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To begin with, the great danger of terrorism today is the stigmata of the 21st century…</div>
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People have always looked for righteousness in their lives. All of them are sure to have their own vision of happiness, good life, justice. However, sometimes their standpoints are deeply different. </div>
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Here is the problem of misunderstanding between them. People keep leading the same way of life and they remain different, they have different views on the world around them: for some people the world is beautiful and practically perfect, for others it is it is wrong and bad overwhelmed with injustice. As a result people want to change the current situation in the world through the modification of the contemporary world. Unfortunately, some people intend to change the world but their purpose may be ruinous and dangerous. Such people make others suffer greatly. They are cruel. They hate authorities and the official power. They think the world is guilty in all their misfortunes and they want to revenge. As a result they can commit terrible crimes, trying to make people to be afraid of life. They try to destroy the stability of mankind with the help of terror. Sometimes they fight for their own religious ideals… They imagine they are the arms of God to punish and to change the world. Their ill psyche – not their motherland or compatriots - are sure to be the main problem. That’s why the way to get rid of fear, to save our world from the darkness of terrorism is not the distribution of cruelty and war. We must learn to struggle not with nations but with the dangerous elements of society.</div>
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On April 19, 1995, a homemade bomb destroyed utterly the Federal building in Oklahoma City. As a result, 168 people were killed, among which there were build-employers, who worked there, and 19 children under the age of five, who were on the second floor in the daycare center. This tragedy was a great shock for the US and the world, the lives of many people were either ruined or dramatically changed.<br />
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After an exhaustive search, the FBI identified Timothy McVeigh as the person who planned and realized this terrible plan. It was him who droved the van with the bomb, and it is him who set it to explode when a significant number of people were in the Federal building. Anger at the government drove him, and he lost his faith in justice. He even did not know those people who were killed by the blast her organized.<br />
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In June 1997 McVeigh was found guilty of the terrible crime committed in Oklahoma. Among the witnesses in the trial were people who suffered from the attack, including relatives of those who were killed. All were angry and deeply hurt. Many demanded a capital execution for McVeigh, but there were also those who thought that this measure was unacceptable and he should keep living. <br />
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The testimonies of the victims’ relatives were published. They differ dramatically, as these two following testimonies: <br />
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“… There was nothing arbitrary about McVeigh’s conscious decision to do what he did. He chose to park the truck, put in his earplugs and walk off. When he did that, he took away the rights of 168 people to ever make decisions of their own again. My brother and the others can’t elect to work, or play, or spend time with their families. So I don’t want McVeigh to have the freedom to even get a drink of water in his cell. If those 168 victims cannot make the most basic of chooses, why should he? McVeigh has to pay for the choice he made on April, 19, 1995 – and he has to pay with his life.”(D. Firth, “Case study: Timothy McVeigh”) <br />
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“Most people believe Timothy McVeigh should be put to death. I certainly understand their anger: my daughter Julie, a Spanish-language translator who worked for the Social Security Administration at the Murrah buildings, lost her life in the bombing. I am filled with rage at McVeigh. But I don’t think he should be executed… Lock him up for good, with no chance to get out. Is that punishment enough? The part of me that is still screaming ‘kill him’ does not think so. <br />
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Nevertheless, my Catholicism teaches that even he has a soul, we must at least try to save him – and even try to forgive him. I am still too angry to deal with that now. But I’ll have to be forgiving if I am to have peace. That would be harder if he is executed. I don’t want McVeigh’s death on my head…”.(D. Firth, “Case study: Timothy McVeigh”)<br />
In a week after testimonies were promulgated, McVeigh had got the capital execution via lethal injection.<br />
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This crime is evidence of the dual nature of terrorism. On the one hand, there is a criminal that opposes to the society, which unwillingly becomes a victim of the murderer, who denies justice and view it in this particular way that leads to suffering of many people. <br />
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Timothy McVeigh felt the injustice. The terror attack was a chance for him to prove that he worth anything in the world, to become famous. It was a source of power for him. And eventually, he wanted to become a judge. So he committed his crime and killed 168 innocent people. This blast didn’t kill his fear; instead, the lives of many people were destroyed. It is noteworthy that he realized that his view on justice was wrong and he violated all moral norms of humanity when he committed the crime. <br />
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Nowadays, the main goal of the administrative judge is to prevent such crimes and stop terrorism in the world. <br />
Naturally, a lot of time has passed, and the society and surrounding world have changed dramatically, but human nature remained unchanged, and they behave as their ancestors used to and their descendants will probably do. The basic moral norms and stereotypes remain the same: good and evil, fight and evil. Moreover, it is very important that people will keep it protected.<br />
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Gandhi believed that the politics of passive resistance nonviolence should be effective anywhere and at any time, including the resistance to force as malign as Nazi Germany. He was sure “a simple life in a simple society” without wars, hate and pain would be the most fabulous result of human evolution. <br />
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To finish with, I can’t but say that our future is in our hands. As long as people remember it, they will have the goal in their life and will believe that it will be good. <br />
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<b><i><span style="color: #999999;">References:</span></i></b><br />
<span style="color: #999999;">“What does terrorism do with our world?” A.H. Jackson. Yale Daily News, October 3, 2001;</span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;">“Case study: Timothy McVeigh” D. Firth. Current, May 13, 1999;</span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;">“Lecture focuses on the morality of terrorism” J. Kim. Contributing reporter, October 29, 2001;</span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;">“Terrorism or searching for justice?” P. Hamilton. Times, September 20, 2002.</span></div>
effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-39199952771529311882017-11-04T06:33:00.004-07:002017-11-04T06:33:52.403-07:00Confessions of an Economic Hit Man Book Review<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Perkins’s book called "<b>Confessions of an Economic Hit Man</b>" provoked intense debates after it was published. The reading audience was divided into two big camps – those who believed Perkins’ words and those who didn’t. I think everybody should read this book to make an opinion of his own. Also, the book is straightforward and interesting to read.</div>
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Confessions revealed by the author of the book came as a great shock to those, who had some illusions about the American economy and politics. In his book, John Perkins describes his work for the secret organization, which was specialized in giving big loans to international countries with weak economies to get control their savings by dictating the repayment terms later. The facts revealed by the author disclose unfair methods of economical pressure the US used to gain the influence on the economic world scene. The effects are sad and frightening. Dirty tricks, manipulations and even murders – this is only the short list of policies implemented by the organization the author had been working for. The number institutions, situated in the US, developed strategies and secret schemes of investments to make countries dependent on the US. The facts described in the book prove that the US put an enormous money and effort to take the control over the world economy. In the situations where economical instruments didn’t work the US had to turn to war actions against the unruly countries.</div>
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The book is entertaining as it’s read like a spy story and shocking if to believe it’s based on real facts and numbers. It’s shocking even if the half-written there is true. The author’s confession in all his sins is a very poor quieting the as the position of one person can not change the position of the whole state.</div>
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The book is autobiographical as the author describes his own life and years of service for the secret organizations. His job was to promote the interest of the American political and economic elite in the world. “Basically what we were trained to do and what our job is to do is to build up the American empire. To bring -- to create situations where as many resources as possible flow into this country, to our corporations, and our government, and in fact, we’ve been very successful. We’ve built the largest empire in the history of the world” (Perkins).</div>
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The author describes past events, but I don’t think that the situation has changed a big deal since then. American policy towards the poor or the third world countries is still the same, and the idea of the world domination still rules the minds of the American corporatocracy. I think the book gives a good idea about the way the ideals of the Founding Brothers had been transformed and disfigured. It’s not surprising as objectives of the people who founded the country as the ideal of liberty and freedom are quite different from the objective of those, who promote the interests of the separate political figures, big banks and megacorporations paying no attention to the ordinary people. The confession of one person isn’t enough to change the whole system of the country, but it can have more important function – it can make people think about the situation. </div>
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-52059921216137825942017-11-04T06:30:00.001-07:002017-11-04T06:30:20.338-07:00Armenian Genocide Research Paper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Armenians as many other nations have been persecuted for hundreds of years and this fact of Armenian history isn’t as famous as tortures of Christians in a Moslem world, for example. Who knows very well about events that took place between April and October 1915? It was the time when 1.2 million Armenians were made to leave their homes by the Turkish government and were sent on death march into the Syrian Desert. This match was called “death”, as they were sent with no water or food. The silence used to be a rule for most Armenian families and the Armenian-American family of Peter Balakian, the author of the book “Black Dog of Fate”, was no exception. Tortures of Armenian population were a forbidden topic in his family. Nobody had ever mentioned about horrible starvation and murders of his relatives until Peter was twenty. Only then he learned that his grandmother was one of the survivors of Armenian genocide. Soon he got to all the truth and couldn’t keep silence as all members of his family and other Armenians. The result is his famous book “Black Dog of Fate” that combines facts about Balakian’s family, a story about the boy who became elder and all in this book is a history of Armenian people and their extermination in Turkey. </div>
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The title is based on a parable that was told Peter Balakian by his grandmother, Nafina. The story is about goddess Fate and two kinds of gifts that were made for her. The first gift was a young meaty lamb, its eyes were like two rubies and his body was stuffed with almonds. The second gift was a dead black dog with a wormy apple in its mouth. The main paradox is that goddess Fate didn’t take the lamb and accepted the dead dog. The life is unpredictable and just this fact is the purport of the book and it is reflected in the title.</div>
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Balakian had the possibility to tell the facts from the biography of his Armenian family only with the help of his grandmother’s fragmentary memories and the document he could find. It was a claim made by his grandmother in 1920 against the Turkish government. The facts taken by Balakian from this document represent horrible tragic information about the terrible death of Nafina’s first husband and about atrocious tortures of Balakian’s relatives who took part in death march.<br />
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The main reason why practically all Armenians keep silence about their tragic history is the reaction of the Turkish government. There were no mentions about tragic events of 1915 in magazines or newspapers, all the representatives of mass media were silent, it even seemed that such events hadn’t taken place in Armenian history. So Balakian-Aroosian families were left alone with their tragedies. Nobody wanted to know these facts as no social or political movements were aimed to this problem. Balakian can’t leave without attention this fact and at the end of his book he blames the USA in an aggressive policy towards Turkey, he doesn’t accept a cold war ally and NATO.<br />
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As for me Balakian’s narration that includes using personal histories and family experience is very good and accessible for readers. Personal pronouns “I” and “we” make us closer to the author and helps us to understand the tragic Armenian history more thoroughly and profoundly. To my mind the most touching pages of the book “Black Dog of Fate” are those where we see not just dry facts from the Armenian history but those where the author explores his family’s thoughts and memories of the Armenian troubles at the beginning of the 20th century. We feel that it disturbs the author greatly, experience of his family and his origin induced Balakian to investigation these tragic events even counter to his family’s wish that used to keep silence. <br />
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“Black Dog of Fate” is a book about terror and hate, about Armenian genocide. Nowadays this information is open to public and you may have heard about it, so why is this book of a current importance? What makes the novel a “Notable Book”? The answer is simple: it touches Balakian and his family, he tells a story about lives and deaths of his people. William Butler Yeats, an expert of Armenian genocide, says that Balakian can so truly and vividly describe the events that you can easily imagine the picture and feel like an eye-witness of the events. The book was appreciated at its true value and it received praise from the New York Times, Huston Chronicle, Los Angeles Times and the Philadelphia Inquirer. <br />
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Although Peter Balakian didn’t experience genocide first hand, it became main experience in his life. This fact brought his together with second generation writers whose parents came through Holocaust. Balakian’s communication with these writers pushed him to begin an active work on his book “Black Dog of Fate” about Armenian genocide. We can compare two these tragic events: Armenian genocide and Holocaust. Holocaust took lives of most people and so has become famous all over the world, while tortures of just 1.2 million Armenians couldn’t attract attention of people all over the world, but their characters and flows were practically the same.<br />
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Peter Balakain’s book is of current importance nowadays. Not just Armenian people who suffered and came through terrible tortures must know their history, it’s more important for all other people to analyze this tragic experience and try to avoid it in future. Having such experience in history as Holocaust and Armenian genocide, people won’t keep silence for years, they will try to obtain justice.<br />
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The first step in this direction has been already made by Peter Balakain. Armenian violent past is obvious now, even though not all may be perfect in Balakian’s book. Two last chapters are hardly ever suitable for such kind of book as they present a tad preachy, but we can forgive this. The main idea is described clearly and this book is really worth reading. </div>
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-72943872419244659772017-11-03T09:28:00.001-07:002017-11-03T09:28:07.985-07:00Article Critique Essay Example<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Article Critique: Same-Sex Parent Families: Relationships, Parenting, and issues of Marriage.</b></div>
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Having read the article titled “Same-sex couples and same-sex-parent families: relationships, parenting, and issues of marriage” written by Dr. Anne-Marie Ambert I came to a much better realization of the existing problems and issues that surround same-sex marriages and cohabitation.</div>
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The primary central theme pointed out in the article is the ethics. Homosexuality is considered to be innate rather than chosen voluntarily by people, and thus cannot be regarded as a personal perversion or sin. Same-sex couples, therefore, deserve the same level of respect and understanding as people with other innate qualities they did not choose such as age, gender or race.</div>
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The second important theme that needs to be pointed out here is the misunderstandings that heterosexuals have about gays. </div>
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<i>These misconceptions are shown below:</i></div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Once the same-sex marriages get legalized, more people will become homosexual. In fact, legalization of homosexuality will not increase the number of homosexuals in the society, yet instead allow those who hide their actual sexual preferences to come out and claim their right to a marriage with the person they love, regardless of their sex.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Legalization of same-sex marriages will increase promiscuity in the society. From the article, we learn that on the contrary, same-sex marriages allow homosexuals to stay freely in their relationship and remain sincere and honest with their partners. The absence of unions for homosexuals means pretty much what the lack of marriage for normal people-free and promiscuous sexual ties, since after all there are no legal bonds that unite people.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Religious freedom of ‘normal’ people will be limited with the legalization of same-sex marriages. On the contrary, not a single religion will be required to marry homosexuals unless it does not want to. Still, the legalization of same-sex marriages will allow people of the same sex enjoy the beauty of marital life that heterosexuals enjoy.</li>
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The third important topic that needs to point out here as found in the article is that lesbi-gay couples can teach ‘normal’ heterosexual couples something. For instance, the relationships in same-sex couples are more egalitarian than in typical heterosexual couples. While in ‘normal’ couples, males predominantly assume the leadership position considering it to be proper and thus leaving females with little more choice but to submit. In same-sex couples, the division of labor and responsibility is rather equal, and these couples reported much autonomy from their partners regarding freely choosing employment, friendships, and other choices, as opposed to heterosexual couples. Lesbian couples on average would report more marital satisfaction and higher degrees of intimacy as compared to ‘normal’ couples. Finally, gay couples showed more stability and affection for each other as compared to healthy couples out of which 50% would result in a divorce during the first seven years of marriage. The gay couples are believed to be stronger since they typically think more than twice before getting married due to disapproval from their parents and social intolerance. In other words, we learn that after getting through all kinds of challenges and tests, the gay-lesbian couples only fortify their commitment to one another and stay with each other longer than traditional couples would.</div>
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-55218315038305058202017-11-03T09:21:00.001-07:002017-11-03T09:21:19.046-07:00American Family Research Paper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>The Portrayal of American Families in the Movies</b></div>
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Today it’s hard to find a person who would be indifferent to family values, marriage, and family union. The need o family is one of the central benefits of an individual; family is a natural union of man and woman and is a cell of the society and the entire nation. It’s often said that the love of the motherland, other people are born only to the family. So it’s quite absurd to discuss what the family gives to a child and a person. Of course, the leading role of the family is to prepare an individual for his future independent life in society. Like other cultures of Christian tradition (mostly European cultures), American culture views family to be central in molding personality and teaching him social basics. The role of the family had passed through an evolution in quite a short period some 50-60 years. The youth of 1950’s was in many aspects different from the youth of 1900’s, and the youth of 2000’s is different from the youth of 1950’s. The main reason for such evolution is devoted to the social, political and economic aspects of our life. Technological and Cultural Revolution played a considerable role as well. Youth, the most dynamic part of society, was always subjected to different political and cultural new trends, ideologies and philosophies. It’s explained by the lack of experience, lack of firm ideals, principles, and pure maximalism.</div>
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The portrayal of American families in the movies still did not change much in last 100 years of the cinematograph. Family values, family ideals, and relations are immortal and can not be subjected to changes of degradation at least on TV. That’s the main point of cinematographers as people who watch movies are always seeking for an illusion and their ideal at least on the movie screen as they do not still have it in real life. <br />
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Today none would argue that Hollywood cinema industry produces movies where the US family is portrayed as something abstract, as a myth of ideal family with loving parents and children who succeed at school, in relations with their surrounding and are useful in the sport. Many American movies are describing family relations, or family life usually limits to the showing “Thanksgiving dinner or Christmas Eve” idyll which often has nothing to do with reality. From the certain point it’s correct as the movies which have a deep propagandist meaning especially for younger spectators have to present a positive image of family, and in many respects, they have to describe the example of how the family has to be like, not the way it is often. To understand the real situation, it’s enough to say that the rate of divorces is constantly growing and that children of divorced parents are very vulnerable to such family changes: “1988 government survey of 17,000 children found that children living apart from a biological parent are 20 to 40 percent more vulnerable to sickness. Out-of-wedlock births are nearing 80 percent in some inner city neighborhoods where family disintegration is most severe. Recent reports indicate that every day in America over 500 children, ages 10 to 14, begin using illegal drugs and over 1,000 start drinking alcohol. Among 15- to 19-year-olds, homicide by firearms is the third leading cause of death after motor vehicle accidents and suicide. Murder is the leading cause of death for young African-Americans, and those who kill them are themselves, young black men. It is just one small snippet of the overall and increasingly grim picture.”(from Woodstock Report, December 1994, no. 40)<br />
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It’s often been said that cinema is a form of art and is the form of the most influential art due to its spread all over the world. Due to this fact and due to the growing dependence upon movies, movie producers have a very responsible when they choose the scenario for a future film. None would argue that film in which families are portrayed from the positive side are more popular, they get positive feedback from the front of spectators and critics, so they are more profitable. More realistic movies, where urgent problems of today’s family life are touched are often hard for understanding, and they require the rethinking of today’s morals and values. From the other side, their context may be misunderstood by a big part of the audience, and they will get wrong understanding of the message which the author wanted to deliver to the spectator. As family question is a very complicated issue in the description, it’s enough to refer to the novels where family issue is touched (for example Anna Karenina of Leo Tolstoy) in order to understand that we can not give a single-valued judgment to the most of the family problems and Tolstoy’s words: “All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its way...” can serve as the best proof of it. Also, it’s enough to add the role of the negative information on the consciousness and outlook of an individual and especially a child: <br />
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“Families get very little help in fulfilling their roles. The entertainment media is a prime example for me. Look at the TV. I like TV. Thursday night last year was a popular time. But Bill Cosby’s gone, replaced by Homer and Marge Simpson family values, model parents! Sometimes the only people who don’t sleep together on network television are the married couples. On cable TV a phone call gets you a boxing match or a pornographic movie. RAP/MTV exploits women, glorifies violence. Beavis and Butthead ridicule work and basic values. Our entertainment media too often exaggerates and even celebrates violence. Children see 8,000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on TV before they leave elementary school.” (from Woodstock Report, December 1994, no. 40)<br />
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Such movies as “Father in Law” or “Son in Law” show traditional American family which lives in understanding, love, and respect. This image became typical for Hollywood as such kind of movies have a big audience and have a positive influence. Family life described in these movies defines the standard of modern families, as it promotes the values which are in the basics of modern society not only in the USA but all over the world. Comparing to Hollywood movies, European cinematograph is more directed on the psychological portrayal of complicated family relations, showing the tragedy of today’s degradation family values. Nevertheless, in many cases, European movies often remain to be misunderstood and misinterpreted. But today there are some movies in American cinematography which differ from the mainstream of portraying typical American happy family (for example: “American History X,” “Prozac Nation” and some others).In these movies an average family is described, a family with a stable average income, with successful parents and children raised in safe neighborhoods. Nevertheless personal problems, maximalism and “unlimited freedom” lead the heroes to the deep emotional and psychological crisis as they fail to find their place in life and are lost in complicated relations of society. The problem of the American family is based in the alienation of its members; people become more preoccupied with their issues and personal needs so that they stop paying more attention and taking care of those who are close to them and those whom they love.<br />
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Probably the most famous American movies which depict “other typical family” are Traffic and American beauty. They have a common theme of degrading modern family, the decline of family values but they depict this degradation from different sides. “Traffic” directed by Soderbergh shows how modern society influences family and changes it. In “Traffic” the decline of the family is a result of the drug catastrophe and drug trade. On the hand, with the drug trade, a numb of other social problems are disposed: corruption, the policy of double standards, hypocrisy and different social values which lead to the change of personality. Today cocaine is used not only but criminals and people who have r\direct relation to the world of illegal but by students, high school kids and even by children of the most respectful government officials, including those who have the job to fight against the spread of drugs. The influence of drugs on youth and youth culture is brightly shown on the example of the family of Judge Robert Wakefield who had the primary task to stop drug invasion in the USA. His daughter becomes addicted to drugs and drugs start to ruin normal family relations along with destroying the health of his daughter Caroline. Even the family of the state official is far away from the standard of a typical American family. Here the family is subjected to ruining because drugs penetrate to the life of judge’s daughter, to the family where before this tragic point everything seemed to be normal.<br />
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In “American Beauty” family decline is shown from the other side. This movie portrays degradation of the family from the inside. Everything starts from the gradual alienation, and here we see now influence on the family caused by drug addiction or other external evil. Such situation which is described in “American Beauty” is becoming typical for middle-class suburban families today. Vivid evidence of indifference and alienation of the Lester and Carolyn Burnham is the fact that Lester masturbates in the shower, which doesn’t take place in ordinary families, his wife spends too much time with their next-door gay neighbors, which is also not typical for marital relations. Lester also becomes obsessed and involved in a sexual affair with his daughter’s girlfriend from cheerleading team, his wife has a relationship with property agent, and their daughter even escapes from realities by absorbing into relations with next door neighbor.<br />
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Concluding it’s important to say that differences in portraying typical American family in the movies are caused by gaps in understanding of family today. Filmmakers can either promote idealistic American family based on traditional virtues and norms, or they can criticize and depict real life in a realistic manner. The problem is that perhaps in second case the effect would be minimal as it’s difficult to change the society in whole to improve the family after pointing on the vices of nowadays. Hollywood is often criticized for the lack of realism in the movies, but we should also understand that dream factory has even the function of creating dreams and presenting idyll to seek it and do the best to make it the reality. Movies have a profound esthetic educational potential, and it’s vital to use it for social purposes at least to save traditional family values.</div>
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-69357145246835913432017-11-02T10:31:00.003-07:002017-11-02T10:31:30.984-07:00UC Admission Essay: Personal Statement<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1) Academic Preparation</b></div>
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The UC seeks to enroll students who take the initiative in pursuing their education, and I am the very person who plans to major in sociology at this university. Initially, it was somewhat hard for me to decide what field I would major, yet thanks to my university professors who introduced me to different areas of study, I understood that sociology is precisely what I would like to be doing till the rest of my days. </div>
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My experience in sociology would start in high school where I would organize a high school club called “international unity” that would deal with volunteer work in our communities. Although volunteering at different places, I liked my church volunteering experience where I had the superb opportunity to help other people in need of necessities of living. I was able to meet new people and make new friends who as I realize now would always provide me with new experiences, ideas, and things that I could improve. </div>
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From my volunteering experienced I gained a lot of patience and tolerance as well as I managed to overcome some stereotypes related to culture, race, poverty, and success in life. This experience, in my opinion, will undoubtedly make me the right candidate for a university majoring in sociology.</div>
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<b>2) Potential to Contribute</b></div>
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Albeit I am not much of a boaster, I can say that I am a very talented individual with numerous positive qualities which make me a perfect student for the UC. I started my higher education at a community college where I did not experience the right levels of motivation since I did not see quality education and school spirit that I had in my school. My school did not possess much of the extracurricular activities or social life that my peers or I could experiences. I had to take proactive steps and organize various school parties, hangouts or festivities with my friends. Often I would take me to create posters to hang in the hall, upload some material on the website so that all college students could remain updated on the fun things and participate in them.</div>
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While in college I continued my volunteer experience with the church helping those in need. Several times I would support the Salvation Army and my faith to organize some big programs for the poor, and I was genuinely impressed how many people are willing to help others. I should add here that due to my busy schedule I was unable to achieve excellent results in college and would even drop several classes to retake them at a more convenient time to achieve better grades. As I would get used to school and understand the ultimate importance of self-motivation, I passed all the classes with good grades and made it clear to myself that I need my Sociology degree from UC.</div>
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<b>3) Open-Ended</b></div>
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I should note here the importance of different values that I was exposed to which certainly made me the person I am now: open-minded, determinate, loyal and curious. When I was a kid, the sources of my values were my parents, peers and the school professors. Needless to note that while my parents and the school staff would teach me ‘right things,' my older friends with whom I spent time after school would show each other just the opposite. As for the schools, I have to note that they aren’t value-neutral environments, and I was also exposed to the principles of freedom of speech, democracy, equality, fairness in the treatment of people around me in the society. Family and the community would enforce specific societal and cultural values that impacted by moral values.</div>
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My teen years were somewhat rebellious; it was a period when I criticized and challenged the prevailing moral norms of adults considering them outdated and unpopular. Several years later I understood that the simple principles of respect, honesty, loyalty, and honor would mean healthy functioning in the complex modern society. It took me years in college to understand the rationale behind Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity, and Personal Courage values that every successful leader strives to possess. </div>
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Nowadays, another authoritative source of inspiration that provides many different values to choose from and model after is the literature I read. Much knowledge and discipline I find in the autobiographies of the US presidents like John Kennedy, Franklyn D. Roosevelt, William Clinton, and George Bush Sr. There views and perspectives are different on various issues and even contradictory, yet apparently they teach a reader like me the qualities, core beliefs, and values that each of these willful presidents possessed. Being a fan of history, I quickly recall various historical events and then learn what values guided a given president or another political leader to act in a certain way.</div>
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Reading classical literature, primarily written by British writers, gives me another perspective on the values and norms development. The fundamental values taught in school worldwide all derive from the ancient and history and efficiently work as a summary of human ethical development. The works of the US founding fathers with Confederate (by Hamilton) being my favorite bring more light and understanding to me in time of confusion and pluralism of thoughts. </div>
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As for the criteria and decision-making factors, I use to revise my values I believe that it is a part of my weekly self-analysis. I usually start by thinking about three to five different values that shaped my life and had contributed to my success, achievement, as well as mistakes and errors that I occasionally make. Then I think of the particular ways where these different values helped me or ruined something in my life and sometimes even write them down. There I point out the advantages and disadvantages of each particular value, core belief or habit. The next step is to take out an extensive list of different values that I created several years ago and then select one or two new values that I would like to become a part of my daily life. After the value is chosen I mentally envision how that amount can be implemented. Specificity is the key here, and it takes me a while to define in greater detail how I would use the value and how it would govern my actions and way of living. Once I can envision the new value as a part of myself, I develop the action plan based on these specific details. My action plan comprises different events and due dates regarding the implementation process of my values in routine life. </div>
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I would like to conclude by saying that the weekly self-analysis I undertake also serves as a review process where I routinely examine my adopted core values to know how I am going and tune them up. During the self-analysis, I develop the procedures that make all my values the congruent cornerstone of my life. During my self-analysis, I tap mistakes and inconsistencies that might arise during my value implementation process and then find out the ways to improve myself to adopt the values appropriately. Sometimes it takes me a while to implement the cost I deem essential yet once achieved it drastically contributes to my personal growth as an individual. </div>
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-48875793963829692462017-10-16T12:05:00.000-07:002017-10-16T12:05:15.007-07:00Flooding and Human Activity in the Himalayas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Explain why the Himalayas is naturally active in terms of geomorphological processes.</b></div>
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The Himalayas is a mountain range in Asia that lies between the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau. Its formation began around 45 million years ago and continues up until now. The Indo-Australian plate is moving into the Asian plate and the Himalayas is rising about 5 mm per year. Because of the plate movement the region of Himalayas is also seismically active. Along with the earthquakes, such natural hazards as floods, landslides, and erosions also happen in the Himalayas. </div>
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There are about 15000 glaciers on the Himalayan range, many of which are declining in size. The higher parts of the mountain range are covered with snow all year long. The snow as well as some of the glaciers melt and the water flows into several rivers, most of which compose two large basins: the Indus Basin the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. </div>
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Rainstorms and snow melts cause floods in the Himalayas. Sub-tropical climate together with high and steep landscapes and weakened rocks are responsible for landslide and erosion. Active tectonics cause many landslides, which occur nearly everywhere in the Himalayas. One of these events can cause a chain reaction. For example, an earthquake or heavy rainstorms can trigger a landslide; a landslide can block a river, create a dam, which will lead to a flood.</div>
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<b>Explain how human activities have affected the rates of geomorphological processes in the Himalayas.</b></div>
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Deforestation is one of the main ways men can affect geomorphological processes. It causes soil erosion, degradation, and other negative effects. Some experts argue, that badly-run farming, terracing, deforestation of the Himalayas, and road construction have had impact on slope stability and lead to erosion and flooding. There is no doubt that human population has increased dramatically and the use of land has changed in the Himalayas over the recent decades. However, whether human activities really cause landsliding and floods is still debated. The region has always suffered from floods, however, it is possible that human intervention has made the situation only worse and has caused back-flooding. In addition to that, Himalayas’ forests have been cut down starting in the 1950s, which has caused, as some studies say, additional floods, landslides, and erosions. </div>
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Forests are able to absorb some of the heavy rains which fall during the monsoon seasons. Without forests, water rushes down taking soil with it. Much of the forests in the Himalayas were cut down in order to clear the land for agriculture, however, these agricultural lands have not been maintained properly. In the Himalayas, people use lands for agriculture for several years until the land stops being fertile, then move to another piece of land. </div>
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Some scientists point out, that due to deforestation, less water is stored underground. Because of human intervention sediment is redistributed downwards. It is possible that deforestation also causes drying of rivers and soil erosion. </div>
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<b>Describe and suggest reasons why human impact varies.</b></div>
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Human activities affect mainly areas in the foothills of the Himalayas. There are some man-induced changes in the Himalayas on micro level, for example, in local watersheds. On large scale, it is more difficult to prove that there is correlation between what people are doing in the mountains and floods, erosions, landslides, etc. </div>
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The higher in the mountains the smaller the density of the population, and accordingly, there is less impact on the nature. People live mainly on the foothills of the mountain range. Hill-terracing, agriculture, and deforestation have definitely left their impact on the area. The changes have been noticed only close to the roads (slope degradation) and places where people live. In central Himalayas very few changes have been recorded. </div>
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Building of roads often causes landslides. Deforested catchments erode faster than they would otherwise. The land used for agriculture often becomes infertile soon and then is left without any vegetation. It is also possible to argue that human impact can be traced to the increased temperatures and melting of the glaciers, however, such effects are more difficult to trace and their impact also varies spatially. </div>
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Wu and Thornes, for example, state that hill terracing has positive rather than negative impact on the mountains. Moreover, some scientists agree that the power of nature is so much stronger than that of humans, that men could hardly have any significant impact on the natural processes in the Himalayas. </div>
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<b>To what extent do you think deforestation in the Himalayas is a cause of flooding in Bangladesh?</b> </div>
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The flooding in Bangladesh is not caused solely by human actions. The region has always had heavy seasonal rainstorms, landslides, and erosions caused by nature. The Himalayas has experienced rapid population growth over the last several decades, as a result, there have been changes in the land use and many forests have been destroyed. Previously, people living in the Himalayas have been blamed for the increased floods in Bangladesh, however, this opinion has been increasingly rejected and many experts point out that people cannot be solely responsible for the disastrous floods. Several studies have showed that processes in the Himalayas are not important for the floods in Bangladesh.</div>
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The level of flooding in Bangladesh does not seem to be correlated with what’s going on in the mountains. For example, during the years of most dangerous floods in Bangladesh the potential runoff from the Himalayas was below average. Moreover, when a flood originates high in the mountains it tends to level on its way to the lowland. Devastating floods have always occurred in Bangladesh and there is no evidence to believe that the situation has significantly changed in the last decades – both the magnitude and the frequency of floods in Bangladesh stayed approximately the same over the last 100 years. It is possible to suggest that climate change and global warning have an effect of floods and landslides.</div>
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<b><i>Works Cited</i></b></div>
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<i>Champati Ray, P.K. and Joshi, D. D. “The Effect of Climate Change on Geomorphic Processes and Landslide Occurrences in Himalaya.” 2008. Retrieved from: http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/pdf/publications/climate/chapter-5.pdf. </i></div>
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<i>Hearn, G. J. and Lawrance, C. J. “Geomorphological Processes in Eastern Nepal as a Basis for Road Design.” 2000. Retrieved from: http://www.transport-links.org/transport_links/filearea/documentstore/221_Geomorphological%20processes%20in%20eastern%20Nepal%20as%20a%20basis%20for%20road%20design.pdf. </i></div>
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<i>Hofer, Thomas. “What Are the Impacts of Deforestation in the Himalayas on Flooding in the Lowlands? Rethinking an Old Paradigm.” Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/forestry/11721-05efcd431f314dec54fa94ae15aa32a82.pdf. </i></div>
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<i>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “Himalayan deforestation and downstream floods.” 2007. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/forestry/37244/en/.</i></div>
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-8812666417547876492017-10-16T12:00:00.001-07:002017-10-16T12:00:18.151-07:00Essay: Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Legal?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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“Have the courage to live. Anyone can die,” – said Robert Cody. Indeed, sometimes life becomes too tough and hard for us, and that’s when this thought helps me overcome all difficulties. It is always better to be courageous and choose life over death, no matter how bad your living seems to you now. However, there are persons that have no more courage to live. They also have no strength, no health, and, more importantly, no more wish. I mean people with final stages of incurable diseases - those who are unable to enjoy anything in life, to whom it brings only suffering and pain. These patients oftentimes would prefer to die, still they are unable even to commit a suicide. That is when major moral, social, medical, and ethical topic arouses: whether it is right for doctors to help such patients pass away? </div>
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Physician-assisted suicide is a heated topic that strikes people all over the world. It evolves numerous discussions and debates about whether incurably ill patients have the right to die with the aid of a medical doctor. In this paper, I plan to prove that Physician-assisted suicide would raise serious ethical issues if legalized. Not only to say that physicians have the sanction to submit this option, but they could also disregard other solutions. Doctors may also disregard or misconstrue patient doubt and even put patients to death who have not petitioned it. What is the past setting of assisted suicide? Should physician-assisted suicide be legalized? How does faith play a part? All of these, among others are the debatable questions surrounding physician-assisted suicide. The goal of this paper will be to understand the motives surrounding physician-assisted suicide.</div>
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During the twentieth century, major scientific and medical advances have exceedingly improved the life expectancy of the average individual (Lavi, 2007). However, there have been many cases where physicians can save life artificially, in those cases where the patient suffers from an incurable disease or remains in a persistent vegetative state while they are not able to voice their wishes for continuation or termination of life. Critics or advocates of physician-assisted suicide dispute that each individual has liberty over their own life. Individuals whose quality of life is uncertain, and who have an incurable illness should have the right to decide to seek help. On the other hand, critics say that physician-assisted suicide is not a good practice for the physicians legally as well as mortally. <br />
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This subject has become a major concern to the medical professions, legislators, psychologists, as well as the society. Interests in this contentious matter go on to grow more and more disputing whether it should be legalized. Conceivably, everyone would have one’s own idea and view.<br />
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However, assisted death is never an appropriate look of compassion. This shows no care for the individual. Most of the social and legal dispute concerning physician-assisted suicide has centered on the issue of individual autonomy and choice over when to end one’s own life. We should help the dying patient to recognize their self-worth and learn to handle their problems, not to assist them in taking their lives. Physician assisted death is a difficult issue in our society today. Assisted suicide has become the topic of public dispute and lawmaking action across the nation. The U.S. Supreme Court has been concerned in important decisions involving the validation of this process. This issue calls into question the ethical values and legal bases for all hospitals and healthcare facilities. <br />
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The Webster’s medical dictionary defines the word “Euthanasia” as “the good death”, originating from Greek “eu” (good or well) and “thanatos” (death). It refers to situation when a doctor induces the death with a deadly injection for a patient who is suffering and has requested the doctor to do so (Snyder, 2006). With the interventions of Jack Kevorkian being played out in the news media and in the courts, Doctor assisted suicide has become the focal point of intense public and professional dispute. This attention was focused in Michigan where he was known as “Doctor Death”. Doctor Kevorkian has assisted in over one hundred assisted suicides. There are many arguments for legalizing physician-assisted suicide.<br />
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However, providing more and better practice painkilling and other care will certainly help suppress the demand for assisted suicide.<br />
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<b>Arguments for legalizing Assisted Suicide include:</b><br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Freedom of patient’s choice to live or to die</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Right of person to make serious decisions themselves</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Unreasonable physical and psychical suffering should be eliminated</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Ability to monitor dying patients who wish to suicide</li>
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Arguments supporting physician-assisted suicide highlight the duty to relieve individual suffering or stem from a vigorous understanding of the duty to respect patient autonomy (Dworkin, 1998). Finally, physician assisted suicide is a complex and serious issue. Through this investigation, the conclusion has been made that assisted suicide would have bad effects if it was made legal. However, they do not outweigh the other vital interests at stake, nor do they merit the risks associated with the validation of physician-assisted suicide. <br />
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Euthanasia helps avoiding the grieving process, thereby taking away meaning from bereavement and making the survivor’s healing more complicated. Throughout patients’ lives, especially when they face death, medicine must make every effort to give them care, empathy, and support they need and ought to have.<br />
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However, of course such a major issue as euthanasia has more than one angle of view. It may seem rather simple at the first glance – doctors simply should help patients die if they ask about it. Still, in order to legalize this practice government must carefully examine all the probable consequences and analyze situations from all viewpoints. Regulating such massive topic is not something that takes a simple law acceptance. When talking about legal physician-assisted suicide, numerous ethical, medical, social, and even criminal aspects must be considered. <br />
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If euthanasia is legalized, any doctor would have a right to kill a patient. This sounds harsh, but that’s what will happen, as initially doctors are those who give and support life, not murderers. Therefore, the thin line between empathy and murderer will be erased. But what if the patient is delusional due to severe pain? What if he is able to live years if treated properly? Patient death would be a mistake in this case. <br />
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On the other hand, legitimacy of euthanasia hypothetically may cause a series of violations, for example from children that want a sooner death of their diseased parent, or medical personnel that may help a wrong patient die. Hence, the question requires more accurate and careful examination in order to consider all probable consequences of law on euthanasia on every level. Described here are only two aspects among a great number that must be carefully analyzed before legalizing assisted suicide. And the more in-depth is analysis, the more violations could be avoided and more patients will be saved from suffering.<br />
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As we have just discussed, the physician-assisted suicide is a topic that requires serious investigation. This is one of those complex questions that cover numerous fields, from medicine, healthcare, and social values to ethics, morale, and law. Therefore, it is not an issue to simply consider briefly.<br />
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Euthanasia has both a great number of advocates, as well as numerous opponents, and both sides have serious arguments. Thus, it is not that easy to say – I think euthanasia must be legalized, before studying all aspects of this significant social phenomenon. However, I have already made my opinion on physician-assisted suicide. I strongly believe that it should be legalized. Still, this law it will function only in perfect society, where everybody is honest and not able to commit violation or crime.<br />
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Therefore, to my mind we first must make or society perfect, and only then legalize euthanasia.<br />
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<i><b>Bibliography</b></i><br />
<i>Dworkin, G., et al. (1998). Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide (For and Against). Cambridge University Press.</i><br />
<i>Snyder, C. (2006). Euthanasia (Opposing Viewpoints). Greenhaven.</i><br />
<i>Dowbiggin, I. (2003). A Merciful End: The Euthanasia Movement in Modern America. USA: Oxford University Press. </i><br />
<i>Lavi, S. (2007). The Modern Art of Dying: A History of Euthanasia in the United States. Princeton University Press.</i><br />
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-46769991052891996992017-10-11T10:14:00.002-07:002017-10-11T10:14:45.092-07:00Marketing Plan Essay Sample<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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I would like to start by saying that after the military defeat of 1895, Taiwan would be ceded to Japan. It would again become Chinese after the end of WWII when the allied forces won the war. The communist victory in the country in 1945 contributed to the massive escape of Chinese from the mainland China to Taiwan. The country would have its own constitution which was written in 1946 for all china. Over the next 50 years, Taiwan instead of China would turn into the profitable capitalist economy. The island would prosper and be labeled one of the Asian tigers. </div>
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Currently, Taiwan is a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing guidance of investment and foreign trade by government authorities. The cooperation between large government-run banks and industrial export-oriented firms allowed the country to possess a highly competitive economy. </div>
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Exports were given the greatest consideration and therefore are currently responsible for the greatest cash inflow in the Taiwanese economy. Taiwan has a stable trade surplus, while the foreign reserves prove to be among the world’s largest. Agriculture accounts for only 3% of the total GDP, down from 50% in 1955. Taiwan currently is among the largest investors in southeastern Asia, while China is currently the largest export market for Taiwan. The USA ranks second largest market for Taiwanese products (Jain, 70).</div>
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<i>Lets speak about the PESTEL analysis of Taiwan as a part of market audit:</i><br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Political</b>. The political situation in Taiwan is stable and democratic, conducive for foreign and local business development. The political parties favor foreign companies working in Taiwan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Economic</b>. The economy of Taiwan is market-oriented, so we should expect our frozen foods compete effectively with other frozen foods marketed by local and foreign companies operating in Taiwan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Social</b>. The Taiwanese society becomes more and more occupied with work which demands long working hours and lack of free time. Frozen foods therefore will be highly demanded at present and in the future by the majority of the population of Taiwan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Technological</b>. Taiwan had made drastic technological advances and currently manages to cater the needs of most industries one can imagine. Taking into account high productivity of the labor force compared to the population of mainland China or neighboring third world developing nations. This information is necessary for our choice to either import the frozen foods to Taiwan or perhaps manufacture these products in Taiwan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Ethical</b>. It is ethical to create different food choices for the people of Taiwan as well as create more jobs for people of that country.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Legal.</b> The legal framework and necessary legitimate base allows one to effectively do business in virtually any sector of economy including frozen foods. Still, we need to get a better understanding of the laws governing the use of the GMO products if we plan to export our frozen foods to Taiwan. If we plan to produce frozen foods from the local agricultural products, we will not have to worry much about foreign agricultural practices and standards that might not be accepted by the Taiwanese authorities (Taylor, 57).</li>
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Speaking about a product that I would like to introduce into the Taiwanese market, I would speak about The Budget Gourmet or similar frozen-dinner products. While the marketing of diapers would also prove profitable in this growing economy, statistically countries which express substantial economic growth usually have declining birth rates as people start to care more about personal well-being and joy, rather than raising children to help their parents around the house and in the field. Therefore, the best product to be marketed is the frozen dinner.<br />
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</i> <i>Now let’s refer to the Marketing Plan of frozen foods product as shown below:</i><br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Marketing Objectives</b> here is to provide different types of frozen foods to Taiwan to meet the major food preferences of Yuppies in largest areas.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Product Strategy</b>. Our frozen products will come in different servings sizes, and different variances. The company should take into account the most common tastes of the Taiwanese customers and once the position is well-established there, we could start creating products for other tastes of lesser popularity. We need to understand that in order to gain true competitive edge in the frozen foods market, we will need to assure that our frozen foods represent the healthy food group rather than junk food. Therefore, we should market frozen breakfasts, lunches and dinners rich in vegetables and other nutritious food groups, rather than market frozen hotdogs, hamburgers or pizza. As people of Taiwan become richer they also become more health-conscious and the products they would want to consume need to match their preferences and needs (Lehmann, 121).</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Pricing Strategy</b>. The frozen foods should be prices in a way to make a profit for our company as well as to match the price for existing. I believe that the price should range from $5 to $15 per serving of selected frozen food that would take into account the taste preferences of vegetarians and ‘normal’ people.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Promotion Strategy</b>. We should promote our frozen foods as those healthy snacks and products that can save personal free time of Taiwanese people to spend with their close ones. The frozen products is exactly what is needed by the adult and child’s organism and why spend time cooking everything from scratch when one can certainly get different types of food cooked only in minutes. We will need to use the mass media to advertise our products and in the first few months we will certainly need to provide food discounts and quantity discounts, let alone provide free samples to stimulate initial demand for this kind of food.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Distribution Strategy</b>. The distribution strategy is extremely important for proper operations in Taiwan. The frozen foods should be distributed primarily through the major supermarkets and food shops. They should be made available through the food delivery services already present in Taiwan which allow citizens of that country to order groceries and other foods through the internet, or via the telephone (Loudon, 330).</li>
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In conclusion, I would like to note that frozen foods is the very product that the citizens of Taiwan will need on a daily basis and this is the very product we plan to market to Taiwan. We will market the frozen foods to the citizens of Taiwan and stress the importance to get quality healthy food while saving time for family and friends. The market analysis as represented by the PESTEL of Taiwan shows that frozen foods indeed will be demanded country-wide and regardless of whether we choose to export frozen foods to Taiwan or manufacture foods locally we will be able to effectively meet the growing demand for frozen foods in the country and generate profits.<br />
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<b> Bibliography:</b><br />
<i><span style="color: #999999;">Taylor, James, Marketing Planning: A Step-By-Step Guide, Prentice Hall, 2004. </span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #999999;">Loudon, David, Marketing Planning Guide, NY Random House, 2003. </span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #999999;">Lehmann, Donald, Analysis for Marketing Planning, McGraw Hill, 2004.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="color: #999999;">Jain, Subhash, Marketing Planning & Strategy, Wiley and sons press, 2004.</span></i></div>
effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-76174804654546301732017-10-11T10:06:00.002-07:002017-10-11T10:06:20.424-07:00Modernity, Science and Art Essay<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A rather common perception of science is the comparison between the process of creating a scientific work and working on an object of art. This analogy can be easily comprehended, as a valuable scientific work requires imagination, reoccurring observations and a synthesis between the scientist’s own ideas and the findings. Needless to say that science, regardless of the discipline practiced, is a highly innovative field, where novelty is one of the main markers of value and quality. </div>
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The question, however, is whether or not this analogy can also indicate that art (in the sense of creation, excluding art studies) is a science. Svetlana Alpers’ attitude towards the issue is rather ambiguous. In her 1998 essay The Studio, the Laboratory, and the Vexations of Art, which constitutes the critical framework this paper tries to address, the author finds some evidence that support the analogy, but suggests extreme cautious as of the derived comparison between the studio and the laboratory.</div>
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When conducting an experiment, the sound scientist makes a clear distinction between two types of causal relations, namely the separate concepts of efficacy and effectiveness. Broadly speaking, the conclusion that one element bring about a certain change in another element to a measurable extent (e.g. substance A will reduce one’s blood pressure by 20% on average) is defined as efficacy when it is seen only in a laboratory, whereas an observation of the same effect outside of the laboratory (e.g. through so-called field experiments) will allow the scientist to assume an effective treatment. Similar distinction can be made in regard to the artist: the studio can be used for examining methods and results, such as “the effect of the play of light” (Alpers 404); however, as the nude is very different between the studio and the natural environment, the artist must examine the model outside of the studio (ibid., 408).<br />
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Even if the studio creates a sense of solitude and limits the creative process (ibid., 411), Alpers argues that it allows a unique opportunity to better attend the world from a certain distance (405). By this respect, this examination resembles the methodology of secondary research, which constitutes an essential element of any scientific process. Nevertheless, although an anthropologist may gain valuable insights from reading available materials on a certain cultural phenomenon, a failure to support the study with relevant observations should significantly reduce the credibility of the scientific work. <br />
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An example from the world of art can be found in Alpers’ criticism on the works of Thomas Jones, who painted rooftops that appeared from his studio’s window (413). The author admits that walls can be reliably observed from one’s window, but Jones would have failed to keep the same level of fidelity if he tried to paint the landscape and the sky from his Naples’ studio.<br />
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Based on scientific conventions and Alpers’ work, we can conclude that the studio is, to a limited extent, the laboratory of the artist. Modernity may be nurtured from the laboratory and the studio, but it would be flawed without successive implementations in the object’s natural environment. <br />
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<i><b>Works Cited</b> </i><br />
<i>Alpers, Svetlana. “The Studio, the Laboratory, and the Vexations of Art.” Picturing Science, Producing Art. Eds. Jones, Caroline A., Peter Galison, and Amy E. Slaton. London: Routledge, 1998. 401-416. Handout. </i><br />
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-7249219488512372952017-10-09T09:04:00.000-07:002017-10-09T09:04:01.383-07:00Personal Philosophy of Nursing Paper<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Introduction </b></div>
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(Who you are and where you practice nursing)</div>
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<b>Definition of Nursing</b></div>
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If a Martian were asked to pick the most appropriate definition of nursing, it would certainly focus on the care and responsibility for human wellbeing. In an age of rapidly changing definitions of health and sickness, and in the face of the deconsolidation of healthcare into numerous professions and schools, the role of “the largest single group of staff working in the health service” (Marcovitch, 2005, p. 502) is more holistic than ever before. Hence, in order to properly consider the diversity of nursing activities and the basic needs this field intends to address, we should define nursing as the body of knowledge, practice and research on the promotion of wellbeing and prevention of one’s dissatisfaction regarding one’s physical and emotional conditions, while applying to knowledge, needs and abilities of the applicable healthcare environment.</div>
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<b>Assumptions or Underlying Beliefs</b></div>
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For more than 60 years, the World Health Organization has advocated the notion that “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (2003). Conventional and widely accepted as it is, this basic assumption is arguably not adequately practiced in modern healthcare. That is, following the definition of nursing suggested above and the definition of the WHO, clinical parameters are not sufficient to identify the extent of well-being and the proper nursing intervention required for providing the individual with the best possible care.</div>
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The concept of “best possible care” is less malleable than we usually assume. In the process of delivering healthcare, comprehensive nursing implies that the nurse should not be merely confined to treatment algorithms, but must also examine and take care of a wider array of elements that construct well-being. Hence, measurements such as hygiene and self-management are equally important as serving the emotional needs of the patient and building an environment, which allows a healing of the body and the soul. Nurses are expected to apply scientific knowledge in the process of healing and at the same time establish caring relationship with a patient to facilitate healing. </div>
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<b>Definitions and Examples of the Major Domains of Nursing </b></div>
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The delivery of nursing services takes place in several locations, including hospitals, ambulatory facilities and homes. Although the intensiveness and the nature of the care vary significantly among cases and frameworks, Marcovitch (2005) loosely defines four main branches of nursing - adult, child, mental health and learning disability – within each we can usually find three major scopes, namely promoting health and preventing illness, restoring health and, when applicable, care for the dying (Kozier, 2008). </div>
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Midwifery and health visiting should be also included in the scope of nursing, although qualified nurses usually do not practice them (Markovitch, 2005). Further activities are research and healthcare management. Baring in mind the significant diversity of the profession, nurses in all frameworks, branches and scopes provide clinical measures (e.g. follow-ups, physical examinations and administering treatments), guidance (e.g. supporting young mothers and caregivers of chronic patients) and help patients to perform the basic tasks of the day, according to their difficulties (in terms of e.g. movement, sleep and basic communication skills).</div>
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<b>Summary </b></div>
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Nurses outpace any other profession in the healthcare system in terms of positions and sites. However, following the basic definitions and assumptions suggested above, the goals of care are quite similar to all practitioners and scholars in the field of nursing. That is, in particular, the holistic view on the elopements that comprise health as a state of body and mind. </div>
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As the population and the medical sciences change, nursing is not expected to become stagnant. As science and practice, nursing will become more comprehensive in terms of nurses’ autonomy and medical authority, and will have to find ways to overcome scarcities in the face of a growing need, principally as a result of longer life expectancies and the concern for quality of life as an inherent part of good health. </div>
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As a 21st century nurse, I intend to put my professional focus on the health needs of a specific community, thus to provide a large scope care to a smaller scale of people. I see a merit in the notion that modern nursing should pay attention not only to the individual’s state of health, rather to improve the health of communities and families in a wide array of aspects. Unlike a hospital nurse, whose professional frameworks are well defined, I understand that I will have to gain the community’s trust and be extremely attentive and trained to justify the extent of autonomy and influence for which I aspire. </div>
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<b>Works Cited </b></div>
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<i>Kozier, B. (2008). Fundamentals of nursing: Concepts, process and Practice. Harlow: Pearson Education. </i></div>
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<i>Marcovitch, H. (2005). Black’s medical dictionary (41st ed.). London: A&C Black. </i></div>
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<i>World Health Organization. (2003). WHO definition of Health. Retrieved September 27, 2009 from</i> </div>
<http: about="" definition="" en="" print.html="" www.who.int=""></http:><br />
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-38447368791794160252017-10-09T08:59:00.001-07:002017-10-09T08:59:38.954-07:00Realism in Literature Essay<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Realism can be broadly defined as the truthful depiction of reality and is a literary technique practiced by many writers in different historical periods. As William Dean Howells put it, “Realism is nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.” More narrowly defined, literary realism is a movement in art, which started in the nineteenth century in France, from where it has spread to many other countries and lasted until the beginning of the twentieth century. Realist authors described their contemporary life as it was, portraying everyday activities and experiences without embellishment or interpretation. Before the nineteenth century, major literary characters were royalty, dukes, knights, ghosts, monsters and other supernatural creatures. In the middle of the nineteenth century attention shifted to common people – farmers, merchants, lawyers and peasants. George Eliot, William Dean Howells, Honoré de Balzac, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Gustave Flaubert, Ivan Turgenev, Guy de Maupassant, Anton Chekhov, Bolesław Prus and Émile Zola are all representatives of the realism movement in literature.</div>
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<b>Realistic Literature </b></div>
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Artists and literary realists were heavily influenced by political and social changes that were taking place in Europe and in the United States, in particular by the development of science, the growth of commerce and the spread of democracy. Representatives of middle and lower class were becoming increasingly important in the life of the countries and in literature as well. Society was placing more value on an individual and, as a response to this, in literature characters were becoming more important than plot. Writers started using dialects and local vernaculars to make their stories even more realistic. The realists wanted to bring literature closer to science and assumed they can obtain truth by the simple observation and recording of reality.</div>
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Ethical issues were another big topic in realist literature. The authors accurately and in detail depicted moral dilemmas and choices of their characters, but did not try moralize or to teach its audience. Explicit authorial comments and interpretations diminished by the end of the nineteenth century as objectivity became increasingly important. “The basic axiom of the realistic view of morality was that there could be no moralizing in the novel.” <br />
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Some of the writers felt that realism focused too much on external reality. Henry James, for example, was one of the authors who turned to a psychological realism, which laid more emphasis on intricate work of the human mind. <br />
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<b>Realism in France </b><br />
As it has already been mentioned, realism started in France in the middle of the nineteenth century as a reaction to romanticism. The first major works of realism began with the novels of Gustave Flaubert and the short stories of Guy de Maupassant. <br />
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Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, a realistic portrayal of bourgeois life, was one of the cornerstones of Realism. Flaubert managed to turn journalism into art, carefully depicting all his characters and settings in great detail. Flaubert does not judge his character Emma Bovary, a bored, middle-class housewife, for her lifestyle and for having love affairs with two men. The author only describes her feelings and behaviour in objective and impersonal tone: “What exasperated her was that Charles did not seem to notice her anguish. His conviction that he was making her happy seemed to her an imbecile insult, and his sureness on this point ingratitude. For whose sake, then was she virtuous? Was it not for him, the obstacle to all felicity, the cause of all misery, and, as it were, the sharp clasp of that complex strap that bucked her in on all sides.” Flaubert’s approach to writing was that the novelist should not judge, teach, or explain but remain neutral. <br />
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Honoré de Balzac is one of the most prominent representatives and is often considered the grandfather of literary Realism. In his series of novels, The Human Comedy, Balzac tried to depict various aspects of contemporary French society between the years 1789 and 1848, portraying thieves, prostitutes, aristocrats and political leaders. The title of the book is chosen in contrast to Dante's Divine Comedy, which had described everything but the earthly human reality. Obsession with details and long description of settings is characteristic of both Balzac and Flaubert, making their writing almost tangible. <br />
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<b>Realism in the United States </b><br />
Realism in American fiction lasted from 1865 to the turn of the century. The Civil War just, reconstruction and urbanization, industrialization and technological advances were changing American society. Mark Twain and William Dean Howells were the pioneers of realism in the United States. The novelist Henry James, one of the greatest realists, developed a subgenre, the psychological novel, which is concerned with motivation and behaviour of the characters. <br />
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Theodor Dreiser is an exceptional American writer, journalist, and a pioneer of naturalism in the American literature. Though, not only is he known as a contributor to the literary naturalism. Dreiser’s precise descriptions and analytical observations, as well as characters that are portrayed to be the product of their environment, integrated harmoniously with and contributed greatly to American literary realism. <br />
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Dreiser’s works show the emergence of capitalism and desire of consumption being two leading forces behind people’s actions, as opposed to the earlier important, outdated sentiment. His characters usually change in class and status over the course of the narration, and fall for the risk of being trapped in the machine of the cruel society. “Sister Carrie” is a text grounded upon the conventions of realism, though built with the addition of interesting traits of naturalism. According to Nicole Smith, the characters in the novel are “creatures not only of the natural world, but also of the environment”. The environment of capitalism, urbanism, and class inequalities. In fact, naturalism is usually set in an urban setting, where the characters are wisps in a sea that are brought from shore to shore, by forces stronger than them, like capitalism. If to believe the above to be the textbook definition of naturalism in literature than “Sister Carrie” should be seen as a perfect example of it. <br />
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<b>Realism in Russia</b><br />
In Russia, realism was represented in the plays and short stories of Anton Chekhov and novels of Leo Tolstoy. Tolstoy’s two most famous works, the novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, are considered among the greatest novels of all time and masterpieces of realist literature. <br />
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Anton Chekhov portrayed the Russian life of his time, and he is regarded as the outstanding representative of the late nineteenth-century Russian realist school. Chekhov himself was born in a small town and was familiar with the realities of lower-middle-class and peasant life, whose feelings and tragedies he reflected objectively and unsentimentally in his writings. Themes that dominate in Chekhov's writing are petty tyranny of government officials; the sufferings of the poor as well as their rudeness; unpredictability of feeling; the ironical misunderstandings and disillusionments. Many of the Chekhov’s stories don’t have a real plot, as for example, “The Huntsman." In this story, a peasant refuses to go home with his wife because he prefers the freedom of a sporting life and living with another woman. There is nothing in the story that actually changes the relationship between the husband and wife. Details of the scene, the heat and stillness, reflect the hopeless stagnation of the couple's marriage. In his works, Chekhov maintained strict authorial detachment. His stories “Grisha,” “The Witch,” “Easter Night,” “Heartache,” and “The Kiss” all demonstrate Chekhov's ability to show life from within the minds of his characters, describing significant details and experiences without preaching or moralizing. Chekhov’s life has greatly influenced his depiction of peasant life, for example in “Peasants” and “In the Ravine.” Chekhov refused to idealize his peasants as many other writers did. In “Peasants,” the author shows the reality of low-class life with all its brutality, greed, and sordidness. <br />
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Chekhov has been often criticized for choosing not to pass judgment. To his critics the writer has answered: "To think that it is the duty of literature to pluck the pearl from the heap of villains is to deny literature itself. Literature is called artistic when it depicts life as it actually is.... A writer should be as objective as a chemist." <br />
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<b>Conclusion</b><br />
The work of all these writers, who were mentioned, illustrates the main principle of realism, that writers must not select facts in accord with defined aesthetic, ethical or moral believes, but must write down their observations impartially and objectively. Concerned with the faithful representation of life, which frequently lacks form, the realists tended to downplay plot in favor of character and to concentrate on middle-class life and preoccupations, avoiding larger, more dramatic issues.<br />
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In “The Novel and its Future,” George Parsons Lathrop said, “Realism sets itself at work to consider characters and events which are apparently the most ordinary and uninteresting, in order to extract from these their full value and true meaning. It would apprehend in all particulars the connection between the familiar and the extraordinary, and the seen and unseen of human nature.”<br />
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<b>Sources: </b><br />
<i>Chase, Richard. The American Novel and Its Tradition. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1957.</i><br />
<i>Everett, Carter. Howells and the Age of Realism. Philadelphia and New York: Lippincott, 1954.</i><br />
<i>Smith, Nicole. ““Sister Carrie” by Theodore Dreiser: Naturalism, Capitalism and the Urban Sea”. Accessed on June 07, 2011 from </i><http: sister_carrie.htm="" www.articlemyriad.com=""><i>.<br />
Yarmolinsky, Avrahm, editor. Letters of Anton Chekhov, translation by Bernard Guilbert Guerney and Lynn Solotaroff, Viking, 1973. </i><br />
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effectivepapershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02678523234969154622noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6355289903104230257.post-27233875530829575102017-10-07T06:19:00.001-07:002017-10-07T06:20:39.063-07:00Research Paper: Privacy and Confidentiality in School Counseling<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Confidentiality is one of the top priorities for school counselors. In the article “Privacy and Confidentiality in School Counseling,” Harriet L. Glosoff and Robert H. Pate raise the question of how to maintain a students’ trust, but still do what is possible to keep students safe and parents informed? Maintaining confidentiality when a minor is your client, however, is much more difficult than when counseling adults. Counselors at school must keep in mind their ethical and legal responsibilities to their clients, parents, and the school systems. In certain cases, school districts or administrators have policies that require counselors to obtain parents’ permission before beginning counseling students. A parent has the option to not allow a minor student to use a school counselor, or specifically forbid the counselor to accept the minor as a client. In any case, as long as the parent hasn’t stated that to the counselor or the school, counseling is then considered to be a regular service. Legally the counselor can see a minor student without parental consent if this has not occurred.</div>
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With all the parameters that are associated with counseling a minor, it is very difficult to maintain trust and have an open dialogue with a client where he or she feels free to say anything without the fear of disclosure to their parents. If a child begins to think that what he or she discloses during a counseling session will be discussed with their parents, the purpose of the counseling will be diminished. The minor will not be completely open and forthright and the objective of the session will not be met. </div>
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As described in the article, neither the Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice nor the Ethical Standards for School Counselors describe or define the term minor. Typically, at the age of 18, an individual is no longer considered to be a minor. Therefore, school counselors encounter 18 as the age when their clients are legally considered to be mature and have full control of their privacy rights (Glosoff, & Pate, Jr., 2002). So, who is the true client for the counselors- is it the minor or the parents? Even with all the legal issues surrounding this topic, from an ethical point of view, the counselor’s client is the student, and it is critical for their needs to be addressed without any repercussions. The parents’ needs definitely should be considered, but the needs of the students and their well being should come above all others. There are certain exceptions where, ethically, school counselors are required to disclose information if their clients engage in certain behaviors that present clear and imminent danger to themselves and other people. From a legal standpoint, they're required to report known or suspected child abuse or neglect, and they're also obligated to respond to subpoenas and participate in other legal proceedings dictated by the courts (Lazovsky, 2008). <br />
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The article also suggests a few measures that school counselors could use in order to safeguard the privacy of their student clients. In my opinion, one of the most important steps is to make sure that all the stakeholders, the parents, the teachers and the counselees are well aware in advance of the confidentiality issues in school counseling. In addition, a school environment can be very hard for a student to properly cope with. There are many cases of bullying and harassment reported in the school environment. Another idea that could be very useful for school counselors in order to protect their client’s privacy is to make sure that the identity of the counselee is also protected. This can be done by a proper setup of the counselor’s office, for example, when the exit door does not coincide with the entrance door. Consequently, the students can feel more comfortable to ask for counseling. They will feel assured that they won’t be seen while seeking help to improve their mental health. This can be very soothing and encouraging. Making school counseling more approachable can increase the success of the counseling activity. Trust is a key element, especially when it comes to counseling minors. Many times it is not the method employed by the counselor. It is the trust at the foundation of the counselor client relationship that leads to the so called beneficence when it comes to helping the client and society.<br />
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I felt that the ethical implications of counseling are of the utmost importance while reading the article. Balancing numerous facets within school counseling does really seem like a challenge counselors must engage throughout their activities, almost on a daily basis. Being very well informed about the legal aspects that are involved becomes essential in order to ensure proper decision making in the case that confidential data must be disclosed. I also find it very important that counselors are well aware and adhere to the standard of minimal disclosure by sharing only what is essential and relevant to the case. <br />
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Another very important aspect of ethics within school counseling is continuously taking into account that the counselor must not, under any circumstances, impose goals or values on their counselees. This should especially be underlined when it comes to counseling minors, since childhood and adolescence are the ages at which one is most easily influenced. These are also the times when one has to tackle confusion, acceptance and decision making regarding the future. Therefore, the counselor should represent a stable, consistent source of objective support throughout the changes the counselees are going through. Most importantly, the counselor should avoid being judgmental at all times. Attention should be paid to not discriminate children through offering the same type of assistance, regardless the child`s background, religion or provenience. <br />
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Estimating when a child becomes mature enough to understand the concept of secrets is also a challenge counselors might have to face during their practice. That is why it becomes very important that the counselor manages to create a trusting and therapeutic climate in which people can autonomously search for solutions. Autonomy refers to the ability of the clients to make their own choices and choose their own directions within the counseling sessions. This could also represent a great challenge for the counselor when it comes to working with children. They must be vigilant at all times and ready to discuss the progress of the student during the counseling sessions. All the relevant stakeholders within this very special counseling relationship should be involved. <br />
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The ideal way to prevent problems from appearing is to provide the student, the parents and the relevant school personnel with appropriate information about confidentiality even before the school year begins. Also, the information should be kept visible and available at all times. Information about the benefits of counseling for students should be also made available through means such as presentations during class, flyers and posters.<br />
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<span style="color: #666666;"><b>Reference Page</b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #cccccc;"><i>Glosoff, H. L. & Pate, Jr., R. H. (2002). Privacy and Confidentiality in School Counseling. Professional School Counseling, 6. Retrieved from http://www.schoolcounselor.org/files/6-1-20%20Glosoff.pdf</i><i>Lazovsky, R. (2008). Maintaining Confidentiality with Minors: Dilemmas of School Counselors. Professional School Counseling, Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KOC/is_5_11/ai_n27889692</i></span></div>
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